CSS Solved Criminology Past Papers | Suggest measures to control robberies/ dacoities and urban street criminality in Pakistan.
The following question is attempted by Sobia Kausar, the top scorer in the CSS Criminology paper. Moreover, the answer is written on the same pattern, taught by Sir to his students, scoring the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, how to write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question Breakdown
In this question, the examiner has admitted that robbery and urban street criminality are the major issues that Pakistan is facing these days due to economic downfall. So in this context, he wants you to suggest some approaches to mitigate these problems from Pakistani society. Examiners want to check your knowledge related to these issues and how you would like to tackle these in the best possible way. In order to answer this question, you must have to raise firm arguments with valid and relevant evidence and vice versa. In this question, I will suggest some measures to curb this prevailing issue. Moreover, if you want to fetch a good score in criminology, then it is pertinent to apply relevant theories so that your question gets maximum weightage and fetch you good marks. Furthermore, I have written a comprehensive and brief outline and solved the question to help you break such questions down, deal with them, and attempt them on paper. If you read it carefully, you will know how I scored the highest marks on the paper.
Outline
1- Introduction
2- Various kinds of robberies and urban street criminality in Pakistan
- ✓Commercial robbery
- ✓Pickpocketing
- ✓Vehicle-related robbery
- ✓Home invasions
- ✓Robbery at Automated Teller Machines
- ✓Robbery of Taxi Drivers
- ✓Bank Robbery
3- Factors contributing to Robbery and urban street criminality
- ✓Poverty and inequality
- ✓Lack of opportunities
- ✓Drug and alcohol abuse
- ✓Social cohesion
- ✓Weak law enforcement
4-Harms caused by Robbery and urban street criminality
5- Measure to control Robberies and urban street criminality in Pakistan
- ✓Increase police presence
- ✓Strengthen law enforcement
- ✓Community policing
- ✓Improved street lightening
- ✓Increase Public Awareness
- ✓Appointment of the national public prosecutor
6- Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
‘’There is no robbery so terrible as the robbery committed by those who think they are doing right’’
(Mary Catherwood)
Robberies/ dacoities and urban street criminality is the leading cause of instability in urban areas and have far-reaching consequences. Various reasons behind this heinous act force individuals to perform these crimes. It is reported that robbery is the major source of fear among people because if someone falls prey to this felony, he would have lost his precious belongings such as jewelry, money, credit cards etc and even in some cases there is a possibility of the loss of life of individuals. However, every problem has a cure through stringent measures such as the installation of CCTV cameras, the active role of law enforcement agencies, the provision of security locks and additional locks to the citizens, etc these crimes can be mitigated holistically.
Various kinds of robberies and urban street criminality in Pakistan:
Robbery and urban street criminality is the crime in which the offender take the personal belongings of the person illegally by the use of force, threat, unlawful acts, and fear.
Various types of robbery have been reported which vary in intensity. Some of them are as follows.
- Purse-snatching
- Robbery of migrant laborers
- Robbery at automated teller machines
- Robbery of drunken bar patrons; robbery of students (e.g., middle- and high school students and college students)
- Robbery of passengers near public transportation systems
- Commercial robbery (e.g., robbery of banks, gas stations, and convenience stores)
- Pickpocketing
- Vehicle-related robbery (e.g., robbery of armored trucks and taxi drivers, and carjacking)
- Nonstranger street robbery (e.g., drug-related robberies, robberies by prostitutes, and robberies by friends, relatives, or spouses)
- Home invasions
- Larceny-theft (note that some police agencies may record purse-snatching as larceny-theft)
- Assaults
- Drug-dealing
- Robbery at Automated Teller Machines
- Robbery of Taxi Drivers
- Robbery of Convenience Stores
- Bank Robbery
- Crimes Against Tourists
- Drug-Dealing in Open-Air Markets
Street robbery is one form of a larger set of problems related to street crime and issues of violent crime among strangers.
Factors contributing to Robbery and urban street criminality:
Various factors play a role in inclining towards robbery and urban street criminality. Some of them are.
- Poverty and inequality
It is proven by research that poverty and inequality are strongly linked to high rates of crime, including robbery and other forms of street criminality. Areas with high poverty rates are more likely to have higher rates of crime.
- Lack of opportunities:
Due to limited job opportunities, some persons may turn to crime to meet their basic needs.
- Drug and alcohol abuse:
Drug and alcohol abuse can increase the chances of committing a crime, as substance use can impair judgment and lead to impulsive behavior.
- Lack of social cohesion:
Societies with weak social bonds and low levels of social cohesion may be more prone to crime, as individuals may feel less connected to their community and less invested in its well-being.
- Weak law enforcement:
In areas where law enforcement is weak or corrupt, criminals may feel emboldened to commit crimes without fear of consequences.
Harms caused by Robbery and urban street criminality.
Robbery and urban street criminality are major sources of fear among the public because victims face a sudden threat to life, a loss of control, and an invasion of personal space. Robbery is an especially fear-inducing crime because of the context in which it is likely to occur—during someone’s routine activities.
For instance, the 2005 National Crime Victimization Survey of New Zealand showed that street robbers attacked most victims on their way to or from work, school, shopping, or running errands. The risk of injury and death during an attack further substantiates the public’s fear of robbery. Offenders physically attack approximately half of the robbery victims, and about 20 percent require medical attention.
Measures to control Robberies and urban street criminality in Pakistan.
Robberies and street criminality are major issues in Pakistan, especially in urban areas. Several measures can be taken to control these crimes, some of which are.
- Increase Police Presence
Increasing the police presence in high-crime areas can help deter criminals and reduce the number of robberies and street crimes. Police patrols can be increased in high-crime areas, and CCTV cameras can be installed to monitor activities.
- Strengthen Law Enforcement:
Law enforcement agencies should be strengthened to effectively tackle crime. Police officers should be trained to deal with street crimes and intelligence gathering should be improved to prevent crimes before they occur.
- Community Policing:
Community policing involves the active involvement of citizens in preventing and combating crime. This can be done by forming community watch groups, encouraging citizens to report suspicious activities, and creating awareness programs to educate citizens about crime prevention.
- Improve Street Lighting:
Poor lighting on streets can create opportunities for criminals to carry out their activities. By improving street lighting, it can reduce the number of robberies and street crimes by making it more difficult for criminals to hide.
- Increase Public Awareness:
Educating the public about the dangers of street crimes and the measures that can be taken to prevent them is essential. The government can run public awareness campaigns to encourage citizens to be vigilant, report suspicious activities, and take precautions when walking in high-risk areas.
- Strict Punishment:
To deter criminals, it is essential to ensure that those who are caught committing crimes are punished strictly and swiftly. This can help to create a fear of the consequences of committing a crime, and ultimately reduce the number of robberies and street crimes.
- Appointment of National Public Prosecutor:
By appointing a national public prosecutor responsible for dealing with robberies and urban street criminality in major slums areas of Pakistan such as Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, etc.
Conclusion
In conclusion, by implementing holistic policies and measures, Pakistan can effectively control robberies and urban street criminality. However, it will require a concerted effort from law enforcement agencies, government bodies, and citizens to make it a reality. Moreover, The measures will strengthen the position of municipalities and help the concerned authorities, chief of police, and public prosecutor in the fight against this type of crime in Pakistan.
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