CSS 2025 Solved English Precis and Composition Paper

The CSS English Precis & Composition Paper has always played a crucial role in determining a CSS aspirant’s success in the highly competitive Central Superior Services (CSS) Examination. Every year, thousands of aspirants face significant challenges with this particular paper. Interestingly, their difficulties often stem not from a lack of knowledge, but rather from an absence of an effective strategy, a coherent structure, and the precise techniques necessary to excel. However, in this comprehensive guide to the CSS 2025 Solved English Precis and Composition Paper, I have not only provided you with a detailed solution to the CSS 2025 English Precis & Composition Paper, but I have also shared expert insights, valuable tips and proven techniques. This solved paper is shared to help you enhance your skills and secure the maximum possible marks in this crucial examination section.

CSS 2025 Solved English Precis and Composition Paper

This CSS 2025 Solved English Precis and Composition Paper has covered the following:

• Synonyms
• Antonyms
• Sentence Corrections
• Prepositions
• Pair of Words
• Punctuation Solutions
• Urdu-to-English Translation
• Comprehension Passage
• Solved Precis with Title

CSS 2025 English Precis and Composition Paper: Full Solution

CSS 2025 Solved Synonyms

1- FRABJOUS

1. Wonderful
2. Surprising
3. Blithe
4. Gusto

Explanation

“Frabjous” is a whimsical word combining fabulous and joyous, meaning something extraordinarily delightful, joyful, or wonderful. Similarly, “Wonderful” means inspiring delight, pleasure, or admiration, making it the closest synonym to “frabjous.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Surprising” means causing an unexpected reaction due to something being unusual or astonishing. While something frabjous might also be surprising, but “frabjous” emphasizes delight and joy rather than unexpectedness. Moreover, “Blithe” means carefree, cheerful, and light-hearted, often implying a lack of worry or concern, lacking the sense of wonder, grandeur, or extraordinary joy that “frabjous” conveys. Lastly, “Gusto” refers to enthusiastic enjoyment, especially in doing something with energy or passion rather than the quality of being wonderful, making it different from “frabjous.”

2- ACCUBATION

1. Conversation
2. Reclining
3. Ambulation
4. Occupation

Explanation

“Accubation” refers to the act of reclining, especially while eating, which was a common practice in ancient Rome and Greece. It comes from the Latin “accubare,” which means to lie down. Similarly, “Reclining“ means resting or leaning back in a relaxed position, making it the closest synonym to “accubation.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Conversation” refers to spoken communication between two or more people, which is unrelated to reclining or lying down. Moreover, “Ambulation” means walking or moving about, which is the opposite of reclining, making it an incorrect choice. Lastly, “Occupation” refers to a job or profession, which has no connection to the act of lying down or resting, making it an unsuitable synonym for “accubation.”

3- LEVITATE

1. Sink
2. Float
3. Plod
4. Wander

Explanation

“Levitate” means to rise or lift off the ground, often in a way that appears supernatural or without support. Similarly, “Float“ means to remain suspended or drift in the air or on water without sinking, making it the closest synonym to “levitate.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Sink” means to descend or go downward, which is the direct opposite of levitating, making it an incorrect choice. Moreover, “Plod” refers to walking heavily or trudging along with effort, which is unrelated to the lightness or upward movement associated with levitation. Lastly, “Wander” means to move aimlessly from place to place, which has no connection to rising or floating, making it an unsuitable synonym for “levitate.”

4- SIBYLLINE

1. Enigmatic
2. Obvious
3. Transparent
4. Subtle

Explanation

“Sibylline” means mysterious, cryptic, or prophetic, often referring to something difficult to interpret or understand. Similarly, “Enigmatic“ means puzzling, mysterious, or difficult to understand, making it the closest synonym to “sibylline.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Obvious” means clear and easily understood, which is the direct opposite of “sibylline,” making it an incorrect choice. Moreover, “Transparent” means something is easily seen through or understood, which contradicts the idea of something being cryptic or mysterious. Lastly, “Subtle” refers to something delicate or not easily noticed, but it does not necessarily mean mysterious or prophetic, making it an unsuitable synonym for “sibylline.”

5- MACADAMIZED

1. Graveled
2. Mudded
3. Turfed
4. Paved

Explanation

“Macadamized” refers to a road surface constructed using layers of compacted broken stone, often bound together with tar or asphalt. This term comes from “John Loudon McAdam,” who developed this road-building technique. Similarly, “Paved“ means covered with a hard surface, such as stone, concrete, or asphalt, making it the closest synonym to “macadamized.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Graveled” refers to a surface covered with loose stones, which is similar but lacks the structured layering and binding process of “macadamization.” Moreover, “Mudded” means covered in or consisting of mud, which is unrelated to a properly constructed road surface. Lastly, “Turfed” refers to a surface covered with grass or sod, which has no connection to road construction, making it an unsuitable synonym for “macadamized.”

6- FINAGLE

1. Surrender
2. Manipulate
3. Cooperate
4. Wheedle

Explanation

“Finagle” means to achieve something by deception, trickery, or clever manipulation. It often implies using indirect or dishonest methods to get what one wants. Similarly, “Wheedle“ means to influence or persuade someone through flattery, coaxing, or deceit, making it the closest synonym to “finagle.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Surrender” means to give up or yield, which is the opposite of “finagling,” making it an incorrect choice. Moreover, “Manipulate” means to skillfully control or influence something, but it does not necessarily imply deception, making it a less precise synonym. Lastly, “Cooperate” means to work together willingly, which contradicts the idea of scheming or trickery associated with “finagle.”

7- DESIDERIUM

1. Craving
2. Satisfaction
3. Fulfilment
4. Contentment

Explanation

“Desiderium” refers to a deep sense of longing or yearning, often for something lost or unattainable. It originates from the Latin word “desiderare,” meaning “to long for” or “to desire.” Similarly, “Craving” means an intense desire or longing for something, making it the closest synonym to “desiderium.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Satisfaction” refers to a feeling of contentment after a need or desire has been met, which is the opposite of “desiderium,” making it an incorrect choice. Moreover, “Fulfillment” means achieving or completing something, which does not align with the idea of yearning for something absent. Lastly, “Contentment” means a state of being satisfied and at peace, which contrasts with the deep longing implied by “desiderium.”

8- AMANUENSIS

1. Secretary
2. Assistant
3. Clerk
4. Scribe

Explanation

“Amanuensis” refers to someone who writes or types what another dictates or copies manuscripts. The term comes from Latin, meaning “one who is at hand to write.” Similarly, “Scribe” refers to someone who copies or writes documents, making it the closest synonym to “amanuensis.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Secretary” refers to someone who handles correspondence, schedules, and administrative tasks, which is broader than the role of an “amanuensis.” Moreover, “Assistant” is a general term for a helper in various capacities and is not necessarily related to writing or transcription. Lastly, “Clerk” refers to someone who keeps records or performs office work, which differs from the specialized role of an “amanuensis.”

9- CROMULENT

1. Acceptable
2. Unacceptable
3. Questionable
4. Dubious

Explanation

“Cromulent” is a slang word meaning acceptable, legitimate, or fine, often used humorously or sarcastically. The term gained popularity from “The Simpsons,” which used it to describe something as valid or adequate. Similarly, “Acceptable” means satisfactory or adequate, making it the closest synonym to “cromulent.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Unacceptable” means not satisfactory or not meeting standards, which is the opposite of “cromulent,” making it incorrect. Moreover, “Questionable” implies doubt or uncertainty about something’s validity, which contradicts the meaning of “cromulent.” Lastly, “Dubious” means doubtful or suspicious, which does not align with the idea of something being acceptable or fine.

10- PROPINQUITY

1. Distance
2. Closeness
3. Remoteness
4. Isolation

Explanation

“Propinquity” means nearness or closeness in space, time, or relationship. It originates from the Latin word “propinquitas,” meaning nearness or proximity. Similarly, “Closeness” means being near in space, time, or relationship, making it the closest synonym to “propinquity.”

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Distance” means being far apart, which is the opposite of “propinquity,” making it incorrect. Moreover, “Remoteness” refers to being distant or far away, which contradicts the idea of nearness. Lastly, “Isolation” means being separated or cut off, which is unrelated to the concept of “propinquity.”

CSS 2025 Solved Antonyms

1- PERSPICACITY

1. Acumen
2. Astuteness
3. Naivety
4. Intelligence

Explanation

Perspicacity (n.) means the ability to notice and understand things that are not obvious. It involves having a keen mental perception and discernment, allowing one to grasp complex ideas or situations quickly and accurately. While, “Naivety” (n.) means a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment; this contrasts with “Perspicacity”, which implies a sharp understanding and insight.

Why Other Options Incorrect

However, “Acumen” (n.) means the ability to make good judgments and quick decisions, similar to “Perspicacity”. Moreover, “Astuteness” (n.) is similar in meaning, implying cleverness and discernment. Lastly, “Intelligence” (n.) is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, a general concept that can contribute to, but is not the same as, “Perspicacity”.

2- CONFABULATION

1. Verification
2. Fabrication
3. Distortion
4. Exaggeration

 Explanation

Confabulation (n.) is the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world without the conscious intention to deceive. It’s often seen in individuals with certain brain disorders where the brain fills in memory gaps with imagined or made-up experiences. While, “Verification” (n.) is the act of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something. Thus, “Verification” is the nearly opposite meaning of “Confabulation.”

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Fabrication” (n.) involves creating or inventing something, often a lie. Moreover, “Distortion” (n.) is the act of twisting or misrepresenting information. Lastly, “Exaggeration” (n.) means to represent something as greater than it is.

3- DILENTTANTE

1. Amateur
2. Connoisseur
3. Novice
4. Enthusiast

Explanation

Dilettante (n.) refers to a person who cultivates an area of interest, such as the arts, without real commitment or knowledge. They are often seen as dabblers or superficial enthusiasts rather than serious practitioners. While, “Connoisseur” (n.) is the opposite, it means an expert judge in matters of taste, someone with refined taste and knowledge, particularly in the fine arts.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Amateur” (n.) can sometimes overlap with dilettante, as an amateur is not a professional and may lack the same level of skill or expertise. Moreover, “Novice” (n.) is someone new to a subject, skill, or belief, but could develop into a “Connoisseur.” Lastly, “Enthusiast” (n.) is a person who is highly interested in a particular activity or subject, and although they may be dedicated, they do not necessarily have the depth of knowledge or refined taste as a “Connoisseur”.

4- KILTER

1. Balance
2. Order
3. Harmony
4. Out-of-sync

Explanation

Kilter (n.) refers to a state of being in good working order or condition. This means something is functioning properly and is well-maintained. It also suggests a sense of balance or harmony, whether in a mechanical system, a person’s emotional state, or a general situation. While, “Out-of-sync” (adj.) means not in agreement or not happening at the same time, which is the opposite of being in balance or being in good working order.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Balance” (n.) is a synonym of “kilter,” meaning a state where different things are equal or in the correct proportions. Moreover, “Order” (n.) relates to arrangement and is related to harmony. Lastly, “Harmony” (n.) is also another synonym as it reflects a state of agreement and coherence, reinforcing the state of “kilter.”

5- RHUBARB

1. Serenity
2. Cacophony
3. Harmony
4. Sweetness

Explanation

Rhubarb (n.) refers to a type of tart and slightly sweet vegetable, often used in pies and tarts, but its leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid, which can be toxic. It is commonly confused with the sweet and edible part of the plant, which is actually the stalk, while the leaves are inedible and should be avoided due to their toxicity. While, “Harmony” (n.) conveys a sense of peaceful coexistence, pleasant combination, or pleasing arrangement. It is often used to describe a balance of sounds or a pleasant atmosphere.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Serenity” (n.) refers to a state of being calm and peaceful, which is somewhat opposite of the chaotic meaning of “Rhubarb.” Moreover, “Cacophony” (n.) means a harsh, discordant sound, which is similar to the noisy and chaotic meaning of “Rhubarb.” Lastly, “Sweetness” (n.) is a quality of being pleasant, agreeable or having a gentle taste, which is the opposite of Rhubarb’s sour taste, but it is not as strongly contrasting in meaning to the chaotic sense of “Rhubarb.”

6- CORUSCATING

1. Mundane
2. Tenebrous
3. Sparkling
4. Brilliant

Explanation

Coruscating (adj.) refers to strongly critical or harshly condemnatory comment, speech, or writing that is biting, sarcastic, and intended to severely censure or ridicule someone or something. It can also describe a witty or clever remark that is cuttingly sarcastic, often used to deflate someone’s pretensions or argument, suggesting a verbal or written expression that is sharp, scathing, and potentially devastating to its target. While, “Mundane” (adj.) means dull, uninteresting, and lacking in excitement or controversy, which is the opposite of being severely critical or scathing.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Sparkling” (adj.) is a synonym of “Coruscating,” meaning to shine brightly. Moreover, “Brilliant” (adj.) is also a synonym, meaning to be exceptionally clever or talented. Lastly, “Tenebrous” (adj.) describes something dark or shadowy, not the opposite of “Coruscating” which relates to brightness.

7- VELLEITY

1. Aversion
2. Passion
3. Indifference
4. Apathy

Explanation

Velleity (n.) refers to a mere wish or inclination that is not strong enough to lead to action. It describes a faint or weak desire, a mere longing or aspiration without the will or determination to make it a reality. While, “Passion” (n.) is a strong and intense emotion, desire, or enthusiasm for something, the exact opposite of “Velleity,” which implies a weak desire.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Aversion” (n.) means a strong dislike or disinclination, which is the opposite of a desire, but it is still strong, making it not the best choice. Moreover, “Indifference” (n.) means a lack of interest, concern, or sympathy. Lastly, “Apathy” (n.) means a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

8- BAROQUE

1. Minimalist
2. Ornate
3. Classical
4. Rococo

Explanation

Baroque (adj.) refers to a complex and ornate artistic style that flourished in Europe from the late 16th to the mid-18th century, characterized by elaborate ornamentation, dramatic effects, and a sense of grandeur. This style is commonly found in architecture, art, and music, featuring intricate details, dynamic compositions, and a focus on emotional intensity, often aiming to evoke a sense of awe or spectacle. While, “Minimalist” (adj.) is the most opposite in meaning to “Baroque,” denoting a style characterized by extreme simplicity and a lack of ornamentation.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Ornate” (adj.) is a synonym for “Baroque,” which describes something elaborately decorated or embellished. Moreover, “Classical” (adj.) refers to the art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome or later styles inspired by them, often characterized by order, balance, and restraint, and, although different from “Baroque”, not the most opposite. Lastly, “Rococo” (adj.) is a related style known for its intricate ornamentation, but generally lighter and more delicate than “Baroque”, and therefore also not the opposite.

9- CAVEAT

1. Guarantee
2. Warning
3. Assurance
4. Disclaimer

Explanation

Caveat (n.) signifies a warning or proviso of specific stipulations or conditions. It often serves to alert someone to a potential issue or limitation, ensuring they proceed with caution and are fully aware of the details. While, “Assurance” (n.) is a statement intended to give confidence, or a promise, the exact opposite of “Caveat,” which means a warning or condition.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Warning” (n.) is similar to “Caveat” which means to caution about a specific limitation or potential problem. Moreover, “Guarantee” (n.) means a formal assurance or commitment that certain conditions will be fulfilled, providing confidence in an outcome without necessarily negating potential stipulations or limitations, which is not the antonym of “Caveat.” Lastly, “Disclaimer” (n.) is similar to a “Caveat” as it might outline the conditions or limitations of something.

10- BLUSTER

1. Bravado
2. Boast
3. Confidence
4. Meekness

Explanation

Bluster (n.) refers to loud, aggressive, or boastful talk with little effect or meaning. This often involves empty threats or exaggerated claims made to impress or intimidate others, lacking genuine substance or the power to carry out the expressed intentions. While, “Meekness” (n.) is a quality of being humble, submissive, or patient. It implies a lack of aggression, boastfulness, or loudness.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

However, “Bravado” (n.) is actually a synonym of “Bluster” which refers to loud and confident talk, often used to impress or intimidate others. Moreover, “Boast” (v.) means to speak or act in a proud or arrogant manner, which is similar to “Bluster”. Lastly, “Confidence” (n.) is a synonym of “Bluster” which implies a sense of self-assurance or faith in one’s abilities, although it is often used in a more positive context.

CSS 2025 Solved Sentence Correction

Sentence Correction – 1

Having been perpetuated for centuries the systemic inequalities and discriminatory policies of the government which has been institutionalized, are a form of structural violence that affect marginalized communities.

Sentence Correction

• Having been perpetuated for centuries, the systemic inequalities and discriminatory policies of the government, which have been institutionalized, are a form of structural violence that affects marginalized communities.

Explanation of Errors and Corrections

This sentence contains multiple grammatical errors that need to be addressed for clarity and correctness. If you want to score full marks, you need to correct them systematically.

Error 1: Missing Comma After Introductory Phrase

The given sentence begins with the participial phrase “Having been perpetuated for centuries,” which functions as an introductory element. As I have taught you the English grammar rules, an introductory phrase must always be followed by a comma to separate it from the main clause. So, place “COMMA” after the word “Centuries” to fix this error.

Error 2: Misuse of Commas in a Non-Essential Clause

The adjective clause starting with “Which” is always non-essential because it provides extra, non-defining information. No matter what place in a sentence it comes, we have to separate it with commas. And in this sentence, the phrase “which has been institutionalized” is a non-essential adjective clause modifying “the systemic inequalities and discriminatory policies of the government.” So, place “COMMAS” before the word “WHICH” and after the word “INSTITUTIONALIZED” to fix this error.

Error 3: Subject-Verb Agreement in the Adjective Clause

The verb in an adjective clause must agree with the number of the noun it modifies. In this sentence, the adjective clause, “which has been institutionalized” refers to “policies,” which is a plural noun. So, change the verb “Has” into “Have” to fix this error.

Subject-Verb Agreement in the Relative Clause

There is another adjective clause starting with “THAT“. As we know, the verb in an adjective clause must agree with the number of the noun it modifies. The phrase “that affect marginalized communities” is another adjective clause modifying “violence.” The noun “violence” is singular, so the verb must also be singular. So, change the verb “Affect” into “Affects” to fix this error.

Sentence Correction – 2

We cleaned all the kitchen while our parents were out to dinner.

Sentence Correction

• We cleaned the whole kitchen while our parents were out to dinner.
• We cleaned the entire kitchen while our parents were out to dinner.

Explanation of Errors and Corrections

The error in this sentence lies in the incorrect use of “all” before a singular noun (“kitchen”).

The use of “ALL”

The word “ALL” is always used with plural countable nouns (all the aspirants, all the bureaucrats) and uncountable nouns (all the water, all the information). However, it cannot be used before singular countable nouns. Instead, we use “the whole” or “the entire” before singular countable nouns.

Examples

• All the children were excited. (Plural noun: “children”)
• I drank all the water. (Uncountable noun: “water”)
• All the kitchen was cleaned. (Incorrect: “kitchen” is singular)
• The whole kitchen was cleaned. (Correct)

So, change the word “ALL” with “the Whole” or “the Entire” to fix this error.

Sentence Correction – 3

If I’m stressed out about something, I tend to have problem to fall asleep.

Sentence Correction

• If I’m stressed out about something, I tend to have a problem falling asleep.
• If I’m stressed out about something, I have a problem falling asleep.
• If I’m stressed out about something, I tend to have trouble falling asleep.
• If I’m stressed out about something, I tend to have a hard time falling asleep.

Explanation

This sentence contains two errors: one, grammatical “have problem“; second, contextual “problem to fall“. If you want to score full marks, you need to correct them.

Error 1: Incorrect Use of “Problem”

The phrase “have problem” is incorrect for two reasons:

1. Singular Noun Issue
   • The word “problem” is a countable noun, so if you use it in the singular form, it must have an article (“a” or “the”).
2. “Problem” Is Not Naturally Followed by “To + Verb”
   • We don’t typically use “problem” with an infinitive (to + verb). Instead, we use a gerund (-ing form) or a gerund phrase after it.
   • I have a problem to sleep. (Incorrect)
   • I have a problem sleeping. (Correct)

Error 2: More Natural Alternatives

Instead of “problem,” native writers and speakers naturally use “Trouble” or “A Hard Time”. Remember, these expressions are followed by a gerund instead of an infinitive.

• I have trouble falling asleep.
• I have a hard time falling asleep.

Sentence Correction – 4

If I will be in Lahore, I will contact to you.

Sentence Correction

• If I am in Lahore, I will contact you.

Explanation

There are two errors in this sentence: one is related to the use of conditional sentences, and the second is related to prepositions.

Error 1: Incorrect Use of “Will” in the If-Clause

In conditional sentences, we do not write “will” in the if-clause (the part after “if”) when referring to a future event. Instead, we use the present simple or indefinite tense in the if-clause and the future tense (will + verb) in the main clause.

Error 2: Incorrect Use of “Contact to You”

I taught you that the verb “contact” is not followed by the preposition “to” in English. It is a transitive verb, meaning it takes a direct object.

So, replace “Will” from the first clause and “To” from the second clause to fix the errors.

Sentence Correction – 5

The cultural globalization—it is a phenomenon that has been driven by technological advancements and economic integration —is a threat to local cultures.

Sentence Correction

• Cultural globalization—a phenomenon that has been driven by technological advancements and economic integration—is a threat to local cultures.

Explanation

In this sentence, there are two errors: one is related to the use of articles before the abstract nouns, and the second is related to the use of appositive phrases.

Error 1: Incorrect Use of “The” Before “Cultural Globalization”

We do not use “the” before general uncountable nouns like education, love, globalization, etc. unless referring to a specific type (The globalization of fashion is rapid). Therefore, in this sentence, “Cultural globalization” is an uncountable and abstract concept, so “the” is unnecessary because it does not refer to a specific or particular aspect of it.

• The cultural globalization is a threat… (Incorrect)
• Cultural globalization is a threat… (Correct)

Error 2: Unnecessary “It Is” in the Appositive Phrase

An appositive phrase is a group of words that renames or explains a noun without containing a subject and verb of its own. It provides extra information about the noun it follows. In this sentence, the appositive phrase “it is a phenomenon” contains the dummy subject “It” and its verb “Is“. Therefore, we just need to remove “it is” from the phrase to fix this error.

• Cultural globalization—it is a phenomenon that has been driven by… (Incorrect)
• Cultural globalization—a phenomenon that has been driven by… (Correct)

Sentence Correction – 6

The impact of cybertechnology on modern society is being studied by researchers, who has found that it has both positive and negative effects.

Sentence Correction

• The impact of cybertechnology on modern society is being studied by researchers, who have found that it has both positive and negative effects.

Explanation

In this sentence, there is just an error related to “Subject-Verb Agreement in the Relative Clause or Adjective Clause”.

The verb in an adjective clause must agree with the number of the noun it modifies. In this sentence, the phrase “who has found” is incorrect because the subject of “who” is “researchers,” which is plural. So, the helping verb “Has” should be changed to “have” to agree with the plural noun “researchers.”

Sentence Correction – 7

The experimental novel—which blends elements of poetry and prose—is a challenge to traditional notions of storytelling and narrative structure, but it will have been widely accepted by the time it is recognized as a masterpiece.

Sentence Correction

• The experimental novel—which blends elements of poetry and prose—is a challenge to traditional notions of storytelling and narrative structure, but it will be widely accepted by the time it is recognized as a masterpiece.

Explanation

In this sentence, the error is the incorrect use of “Will Have Been” (Future Perfect Tense).

We use “will have been” (future perfect) only when emphasizing that an action will be completed before another future event.

• By 2030, electric cars will have replaced most gasoline vehicles. (One future event completed before another)
• By next year, she will have finished her degree.

However, in the given sentence, the action of being widely accepted happens simultaneously with its recognition as a masterpiece. So, the phrase “will have been widely accepted” is incorrect because “by the time” already establishes a future point, so the simple future tense (“will be”) is more appropriate.

Sentence Correction – 8

The honor killings that having been perpetuate by the societies are exacting a deadly toll on the vulnerable individuals which are exacerbating the excruciating norms more.

Sentence Correction

• The honor killings that have been perpetuated by societies are exacting a deadly toll on vulnerable individuals, who are exacerbating the excruciating norms further.

Explanation

In this sentence, there are four errors: one is related to the use of incorrect verb form; the second is related to the use of articles; the third is related to the use of relative pronouns; and the last is related to wordiness.

Error 1: Incorrect Verb Form (“having been perpetuate”)

The phrase “having been perpetuate” is grammatically incorrect because “Having been” is unnecessary here. The verb “perpetuate” is in its base form, but it should be in the past participle (“perpetuated”) to match the present perfect passive voice “have been perpetuated.”

Error 2: Unnecessary “the” Before “Societies”

The word “societies” is a general plural noun, so “the” is not needed unless referring to specific societies.

Error 3: Incorrect Use of “Which” Instead of “Who”

The relative pronoun “which” is used for things (objects, ideas, animals).

The clause “which are exacerbating the excruciating norms more” refers to “individuals” (people), so “who” should be used instead of “which.”

Error 4: Wordiness and Awkward Phrase (“Exacerbating the Excruciating Norms More”)

The phrase “exacerbating the excruciating norms more” is redundant and awkward. “Excruciating” already means severe/intense, so “more” is unnecessary. “Further” is a better choice than “more” when talking about worsening a situation.

CSS 2025 Solved Prepositions

Preposition – 1

The massive landslide tumbled __ the valley below, blocking the river and causing widespread flooding that destroyed crops and habitats.

Correction

• The massive landslide tumbled into the valley below, blocking the river and causing widespread flooding that destroyed crops and habitats.

Explanation

“Tumble” (v.) means fall suddenly, clumsily, or headlong. It is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object. “Tumbled into” is the correct choice because “into” indicates movement from a higher place to a lower enclosed space (the valley).

Preposition – 2

The controversy surrounding arranged marriages raged ______ the Pakistani community, with some arguing that it was a vital part of their cultural heritage, while others saw it as a form of oppression.

Correction

• The controversy surrounding arranged marriages raged within the Pakistani community, with some arguing that it was a vital part of their cultural heritage, while others saw it as a form of oppression.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence talks about a controversy (a heated debate or disagreement) about arranged marriages. This controversy is happening inside the Pakistani community. People have different opinions: Some believe arranged marriages are an important cultural tradition; Others think they are a form of oppression. And the preposition “Within” means “inside a specific group, place, or organization.” Since the controversy is happening inside the Pakistani community, we use “within.”

Preposition – 3

As she read the poem, the subtle symbolism and metaphors whispered ______ the words, awakening a depth of emotion within her.

Correction

• As she read the poem, the subtle symbolism and metaphors whispered through the words, awakening a depth of emotion within her.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes how symbolism and metaphors in a poem create an emotional effect. The phrase “whispered ______ the words” suggests that the deeper meanings are hidden within and flowing through the words, making them felt rather than directly stated.

And the preposition “Through” means “moving in and out of something or being expressed within something.” Here, symbolism and metaphors are woven into the poem’s words: they are not separate from them but flow through them. This gives the idea that the words themselves carry a deeper meaning.

Examples

• A sense of mystery ran through the entire novel.
  (The mystery is embedded in the novel.)
• Music flowed through the hall, creating an enchanting atmosphere.
  (The music is moving inside the hall.)

Preposition – 4

The concept of Tawhid, or the oneness of God, lies ______ the very fabric of Islamic theology, weaving together the intricate threads of faith, reason, and spirituality.

Correction

• The concept of Tawhid, or the oneness of God, lies at the very fabric of Islamic theology, weaving together the intricate threads of faith, reason, and spirituality.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes Tawhid (the belief in the oneness of God) as a core, foundational principle of Islamic theology. The phrase “lies ______ the very fabric” suggests that Tawhid exists within and is central to Islamic theology, much like the foundation of a woven fabric. And “At the very fabric” conveys the idea that Tawhid is at the core or foundation of Islamic theology. Remember, In expressions like “at the heart of” or “at the foundation of,” “at” signifies a central and defining position. Therefore, “AT” is the appropriate preposition here.

Examples

• Justice lies at the heart of a fair society.
  (Justice is a core principle.)
• The scientific method lies at the foundation of modern research.
  (The scientific method is fundamental to research.)

Preposition – 5

As social media scrolled endlessly ______ her daily life, her attention span shriveled, leaving her with a perpetual sense of distraction.

Correction

• As social media scrolled endlessly through her daily life, her attention span shriveled, leaving her with a perpetual sense of distraction.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes how social media continuously moves through and affects her daily life. The phrase “scrolled endlessly ______ her daily life” suggests that social media is not just present in her life but moving through it in a way that consumes her attention. And the preposition “Through” is used when something passes inside or across a space, showing continuous movement. Since social media is metaphorically flowing through her daily life, “through” is the most appropriate choice.

Examples

• News updates flow through my phone all day.
• A sense of nostalgia ran through the old photographs.
• She scrolled through her messages absentmindedly.

Preposition – 6

Power consolidated ______ the ruling elite, silencing dissent.

Correction

• Power consolidated within the ruling elite, silencing dissent.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes how power became more concentrated and controlled by the ruling elite. The phrase “Power consolidated ______ the ruling elite” requires a preposition that correctly shows where the power became concentrated. And the preposition “Within” means “inside a specific group, place, or structure.” Since power is gathering and being controlled inside the ruling elite, “within” is the best choice.

Examples

• Authority remains within the government.
• Tension grew within the organization.
• Corruption thrived within the political system.

Preposition – 7

Her online persona leaned ______ perfection, hiding flaws.

Correction

• Her online persona leaned toward perfection, hiding flaws.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes how her online persona (the way she presents herself online) appears close to perfection, concealing any flaws. The phrase “leaned ______ perfection” requires a preposition that conveys movement or inclination in a certain direction. And “Toward” means “moving in the direction of” or “approaching a state.” In this sentence, her online persona is not completely perfect but is presented as close to perfection. And “Leaning toward” suggests a tendency rather than absolute perfection.

Examples

• His opinions leaned toward conservatism.
  (He wasn’t fully conservative but had tendencies in that direction.)
• The painting’s style leans toward realism.
  (It has realistic elements but isn’t purely realistic.)

Preposition – 8

Themes of love, loss, and longing wove ______ Ghalib’s verses, creating a rich tapestry of emotion.

Correction

• Themes of love, loss, and longing wove through Ghalib’s verses, creating a rich tapestry of emotion.

Explanation

First, we need to understand the sentence’s meaning to place an appropriate preposition. The sentence describes how the themes of love, loss, and longing are deeply embedded in Ghalib’s poetry. The phrase “wove ______ Ghalib’s verses” needs a preposition that expresses movement within the structure of his poetry. And the preposition “Through” means “passing in and out of something” or “being deeply interwoven.” Since the themes are not just touching the surface but are deeply woven into the structure of Ghalib’s verses, “through” is the best choice.

Examples

• A sense of nostalgia ran through her words.
  (Deeply present within)
• Pain and resilience wove through the fabric of his experiences.
  (Integrated into)

CSS 2025 Solved Pair of Words

Blurt & Blert

Blurt (n.)

• An abrupt or impulsive utterance, often spoken without prior thought or consideration.

Sentence

• Unable to keep the secret, Akram lets out a blurt about the surprise party, ruining the entire plan.

Blert (n.)

• A foolish or clumsy person

Sentence

• Rashid felt like a total blert after tripping over his own feet and spilling his coffee all over the conference table.

3- Defenestration & Denouement

Defenestration (n.)

• The sudden, forceful removal or dismissal of a person from a position of power, often used historically for political executions

Sentence

• The dictator’s reign ended with his defenestration, as enraged rebels threw him out of the palace’s window, symbolizing the fall of his oppressive rule.

Denouement (n.)

• The resolution or conclusion of a story, drama, or complex situation

Sentence

• In the story’s denouement, Detective Richard cleverly exposes the murderer, bringing the long and twisted case to a dramatic close.

4- Vallum & Vellum

Vallum (n.)

• A defensive wall or rampart, especially in ancient Roman military structures

Sentence

• The Roman army built a vallum around their camp to prevent enemy invasions.

Vellum (n.)

• A fine parchment made from animal skin, historically used for writing and important manuscripts.

Sentence

• The ancient document was preserved on vellum, ensuring its survival for centuries.

5- Sow & Sough

Sow (n.)

• To plant seeds in soil for growth or to spread something, such as ideas or feelings, that may develop over time

Sentence

• Shaista carefully sowed sunflower seeds in her garden, hoping they would bloom beautifully by spring.

Sough (n./v.)

• A murmuring, sighing, or rustling sound, often associated with wind or water.

Sentence

• The sough of the autumn wind whispered through the trees, creating a soothing yet eerie melody in the quiet night.

6- Sere & Seer

Sere (adj.)

• Something dry, withered, or lacking moisture, often referring to vegetation affected by drought.

Sentence

• The once-lush fields had turned sere after months without rain, leaving farmers desperate for relief.

Seer (n.)

• A person who has the ability to predict or foresee future events, often considered mystical or prophetic.

Sentence

• The village seer warned the king of an impending disaster, urging him to take precautions.

7- Crepuscular & Crepitation

Crepuscular (adj.)

• Creatures that are active primarily during twilight – at dawn or dusk – rather than in full daylight or complete darkness for different activities like hunting, foraging, mating, etc.

Sentence

• The crepusculardeer emerged from the forest at dusk, quietly grazing in the fading twilight.

Crepitation (n.)

• A crackling, rattling, or popping sound, often associated with fire, bones, or mechanical failures.

Sentence

• The crepitation of dry leaves under Sarah’s feet echoed through the silent autumn forest as she walked.

8- Uxoricide & Uxorious

Uxoricide (n)

• The act of a husband killing his wife, often studied in legal, criminological, and psychological contexts, with motives ranging from domestic violence to jealousy or financial disputes.

Sentence

• The tragic case of uxoricide shocked the town as investigators uncovered a history of domestic abuse leading to the crime.

Uxorious (adj.)

• A husband who is excessively devoted, affectionate, or submissive to his wife, often to the point of being overly dependent or indulgent

Sentence

• His friends often joked about how uxorious he was, as he always prioritized his wife’s happiness above everything else.

CSS 2025 Solved Punctuation

Orignal Passage

In Pakistani folklore Heer Ranjha Sohni Mahiwal and Sassi Punnu are iconic tales of star-crossed lovers. These stories deeply rooted in tribal connections serve as allegories and commentaries on spiritual and romantic love they explore the complexities of human emotion the trials of love and the transformative power of spiritual elevation The themes of trial emotional anguish separation and expulsion resulting in the moral polishing of the lovers are timeless and universal… Heer Ranjha’s epic tale penned by Waris Shah is a masterpiece of Punjabi literature a testament to the power of love to transcend mortal bounds.

Solved Passage

In Pakistani folklore, Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, and Sassi Punnu are iconic tales of star-crossed lovers. These stories, deeply rooted in tribal connections, serve as allegories and commentaries on spiritual and romantic love. They explore the complexities of human emotion, the trials of love, and the transformative power of spiritual elevation. The themes of trial, emotional anguish, separation, and expulsion—resulting in the moral and spiritual refinement of the lovers—are timeless and universal. Heer Ranjha’s epic tale, penned by Waris Shah, is a masterpiece of Punjabi literature, a testament to love’s power to transcend mortal bounds.

CSS 2025 Solved Paragraph

Urdu Paragraph

بارہویں صدی کے مسلمان ماہر الہیات اور فلسفی، الغزالی کی فکر سب سے زیادہ غلط فہمی کا شکار ہے۔ ایک مفکر کے طور پر انہوں نے دلیل دی ہے کہ قرآن جتنی تشریحات کے لیے کھلا ہے۔ “سمندر میں پانی کے قطرے ہیں” بقول ان کے “کیا تم نہیں جانتے کہ قرآن ایک سمندر کی مانند ہے؟” اور آپ اپنے معانی کے لا متنا ہی سمندر میں سفر کرنے کا حق رکھتے ہیں۔ اور اس سمندر کی گہرائیوں میں غوطہ زن ہو کر آپ یا قوت اور موتی حاصل کر کے دولت مند بن سکتے ہیں۔ وہ مزید کہتے ہیں کہ “تم ظاہر پر مطمئن ہو کر ساحل پر کیوں پڑے رہتے ہو؟” یہ کہ مسلمانوں کے لیے ردکرنا، آگے بڑھنا، اور اختلاف کرنا جائز ہے۔ الغزالی جدت اور روایت کا بہترین امتزاج ہیں۔

Translations by Sir Syed Kazim Ali

Translation-1

The thoughts of the 12th-century Muslim theologian and philosopher Al-Ghazali are among the most misunderstood. As a thinker, he argued that the Qur’an is open to as many interpretations as “there are drops of water in the ocean.” He asked, “Do you not know that the Qur’an is like an ocean?” According to him, one has the right to embark on an infinite journey through its vast meanings. By diving into its depths, one can discover rubies and pearls and emerge enriched. He further questioned, “Why do you remain stranded on the shore, content with the surface?” For Al-Ghazali, it is permissible for Muslims to question, progress, and disagree. His philosophy beautifully blends tradition and innovation.

Translation-2

The intellectual legacy of Al-Ghazali (12th-century Muslim theologian and philosopher) is often deeply misunderstood. He posited that the Qur’an’s interpretative possibilities are as vast as “the drops of water in the ocean.” In his words, “Do you not realize that the Qur’an is an ocean?” He emphasized that believers have the right to traverse its limitless depths of meaning. Those who dare to plunge into these profound waters can retrieve priceless gems and pearls, attaining intellectual and spiritual wealth. He challenges, “Why do you remain content with the superficial and linger on the shore?” Al-Ghazali underscores that within Islam, rejection, progression, and intellectual divergence are not only allowed but essential. His philosophy masterfully synthesizes tradition and modernity.

Translation-3

The philosophical and theological contributions of Al-Ghazali (12th-century Muslim polymath) remain among the most misinterpreted in Islamic thought. He asserted that the Qur’an’s interpretive spectrum is as limitless as “the droplets in an ocean.” He rhetorically questioned, “Do you not recognize that the Qur’an, itself, is an ocean?” For Al-Ghazali, the seeker is entitled to navigate its boundless semantic expanse, a journey into the abyss of meaning. Those who dare to submerge into its depths will retrieve metaphysical treasures, rubies of wisdom and pearls of enlightenment. He further challenges: “Why resign yourself to the shoreline, satisfied with superficiality?” Al-Ghazali’s epistemology affirms that critical inquiry, intellectual evolution, and doctrinal divergence are not just permissible but integral to the Islamic intellectual tradition. His thought embodies a harmonious dialectic between conservatism and innovation.

CSS 2025 Solved Precis

Original Passage

Homi K. Bhabha, a prominent postcolonial scholar, advances a profoundly philosophical yet grounded concept of nationalism, positing that “Nations, like narratives, lose their origins in the myths of time and only fully encounter their horizons in the mind’s eye,” thereby highlighting the complex interplay between the imagined, the mythical, and the material in the construction of national identity. Nations, like narratives, are constructed through historical contingency, shaped by ethnic obsessions and regional affiliations that often obscure their origins. As a result, national identities can become rigid and exclusionary, antagonizing the notion of humanism envisioned by ancient philosophers like Socrates and Plato. This idea has implications for our understanding of humanism, a cornerstone of intellectual traditions from Goethe and Rousseau’s emphasis on the universal human experience to Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd’s advocacy for reason and compassion as bridges between cultures. Al-Ghazali’s “The Alchemy of Happiness” strikes a balance between promoting local identity and warning against provincial, insular nationalism, making him a votary of cultural exchange and understanding. He advocates for an evenhanded approach, balancing love for one’s land with justice for all citizens. In “The Revival of Religious Sciences,” Al-Ghazali emphasizes balancing universalism and particularism, recognizing that national identity must be tempered by justice and equality. By promoting inclusive citizenship, Al-Ghazali offers an antidote to exclusivist nationalist ideologies. By exploring the intersections between nationalism and humanism, Bhabha’s work also encourages us to think critically about how national identities are constructed and imagine new forms of global citizenship prioritizing shared humanity over narrow national interests. However, the rise of nationalism has often led to a narrowing of perspectives, prioritizing regional affiliations over universal values, resulting in a stringent and macho form of patriotism that stifles dissent and creativity. Like a chameleon, nationalism can adapt and change, often blurring the lines between patriotism and xenophobia. Altogether, nationalism is not a bane, its mixed benefits over the last century have been a double-edged sword, yielding a staggering array of positive and negative consequences. On one hand, nations have become increasingly aware of the need to align themselves with pluralism and egalitarian schemes. However, the desire to dominate, as exemplified by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel’s idea of organic borders, continues to have a silent appeal, often manifesting in bizarre and violent forms, such as the recent bloodshed in Palestine and the earlier Bosnian massacre. This scary trail is long and hard to absorb, especially when democracy itself has been exposed as a mere façade, leaving many to blurt out frustrations and disillusionments. As the philosopher Allama Iqbal aptly put it in his famous poem, “The Devil’s Parliament,” democracy is merely the outer crust, while the essence is imperialist. Iqbal’s words ring true, warning us against the uncritical subservience and adoration of nationalism, which can lead to historical myopia, strengthening dictatorial hegemony and incarcerating the human spirit within the narrow confines of love for the land. Perhaps democracy is the safest carrier of the seed of nationalism, transporting it under the guise of economic equality. Still, weaker nations face the political bravado of the powerful leaving the meager nations to be content with mere paeans of love for border and territorial integrity. Imperialism planted the embryo of nationalism, abandoning the wretched children of the earth to fend for themselves, left to navigate the treacherous waters of self-determination. The power of nationalism is a potent form of Volksgeist – a term coined by Johann Gottfried Herder to describe a nation’s unique spirit or character – that can be both unifying and divisive, depending on how it is wielded. In this context, a more frugal and nuanced approach to nationalism is needed, one that balances national pride with a commitment to universal values and human rights.

Solved Precis

Below is the list of difficult words from the passage along with their meanings

Postcolonial	Relating to the period after colonial rule, often analyzing the effects of colonization.
Contingency	A possible event or condition that depends on other factors.
Obscure	To make unclear or difficult to understand.
Antagonizing	Causing someone to become hostile or opposed.
Humanism	A philosophy that emphasizes human values, reason, and dignity.
Universalism	The idea that certain principles or values apply to all people.
Provincial	Narrow-minded, concerned only with local matters.
Insular	Isolated or detached, lacking exposure to broader perspectives.
Exclusivist	Favoring the exclusion of certain groups or ideas.
Patriotism	Love and devotion to one’s country.
Xenophobia	Fear or hatred of foreigners or people from different cultures.
Egalitarian	Believing in equality for all people.
Hegemony	Dominance or leadership by one group over others.
Imperialism	A policy of extending a country’s power through colonization or military force.
Subservience	Willingness to obey others unquestioningly.
Historical myopia	A short-sighted or narrow view of history.
Bravado	A show of boldness or confidence, often to impress or intimidate.
Treacherous	Dangerous or deceitful.
Volksgeist	A German term meaning “national spirit” or cultural identity.
Frugal	Careful or moderate in use, especially regarding resources.

Solved Precis 1

Homi K. Bhabha conceptualizes nationalism as a historical and ideological construct shaped by myths and social conditions. He argues that nationalism, while fostering unity, often results in exclusion and contradicts humanistic ideals. Thinkers like Al-Ghazali emphasize the importance of balancing patriotism with justice to prevent extreme nationalism. Nationalist movements throughout history have led to both unity and division, as evidenced by conflicts in Bosnia and Palestine. Imperialism plays a significant role in shaping nationalism, leaving weaker nations struggling with self-rule. Besides, democracy, rather than always being a force for good, sometimes masks imperialist ambitions, as Iqbal critically points out. In fact, nationalism proves to be a double-edged sword, offering a sense of identity while enabling authoritarianism and suppressing dissent. Indeed, hyper-nationalism prioritizes territorial expansion over ethical governance, often restricting intellectual freedom. Herder’s concept of Volksgeist recognizes nationalism’s potential for unity, yet history warns of its dangers when taken to extremes. A refined approach is necessary: one that embraces national identity without compromising justice and human rights, ensuring that patriotism contributes to global solidarity rather than fostering division and oppression.

• Total Words in the Passage: 619
• Total Words in Precis: 179
• Title: Nationalism: A Construct of Power and Identity

Solved Precis 2

Bhabha asserts that nationalism is not an inherent truth but a social construct influenced by historical events and cultural narratives. He observes that nationalism, while fostering unity, often conflicts with humanistic values, leading to exclusionary attitudes. Philosophers such as Al-Ghazali champion a balanced form of patriotism that emphasizes justice and coexistence rather than blind allegiance. Throughout history, nationalism has taken on different forms, sometimes promoting cohesion and other times fueling division, as seen in Bosnia and Palestine. Imperial powers help shape nationalist ideologies, leaving weaker nations vulnerable to political instability. Democracy, which is supposed to counter oppression, often serves as a disguise for imperialist motives, a critique famously made by Iqbal. Nationalism is both a unifying and oppressive force, limiting intellectual freedom and prioritizing territorial ambitions over ethical concerns. Herder’s Volksgeist highlights the unifying potential of nationalism, yet history reveals its dangers when taken to extremes. A measured approach is required to nurture cultural identity while ensuring justice and human rights. Nations must integrate patriotism with a broader moral vision, ensuring that loyalty to one’s land does not override universal ethical responsibilities.

• Total Words in the Passage: 619
• Total Words in Precis: 182
• Title: The Dual Nature of Nationalism

CSS 2025 Solved Comprehension

Original Passage

The idea of wandering has anthropological, historical, and philosophical moorings. To some, it is an unconscious desire to substitute the powers of material life, beckoning us to establish our identity as sojourners of the earth, even as our ancestors, recorded and unrecorded history, may adumbrate that we are temperamentally nomads. We strollers search for shelters, food, and home. But would it be too elastic an idea to entertain unthinkingly that home is our destination, a dream place, where we should finally live and be free of external threats, often from man-made and natural designs of destruction? Can we stifle or eradicate our desires to control the geography and mindscape? Can we live in peace with ourselves without a rival as a neighbor? Scriptures glorify the essence of migration as a soulful activity that saves us from sangfroid existence and makes us vulnerable, a process necessary to ward off the place-dependent inertia. The expression “rolling stone” haunts the modern man. Modernity has revised the notion of cartography, as technology has shrunk geography into a molecule of presence even as distances are just markers, as we transport our bodies, jetted, ferried, and biked across ¾ continents, and love the glossy veneer of globe-trotting. But are we the real successors of the wandering nomad, gypsies, bedouins, drifters, and itinerants? Even the single expression “rolling stone” carries deep semantic and epochal diversity. The phrase “rolling stone” is derived from the ancient proverb “A rolling stone gathers no moss.” This proverb was first recorded by the Roman writer Publilius Syrus in the 1st century BC. The idea behind the proverb is that a stone that is constantly rolling or moving cannot gather moss, which was seen as a symbol of stability and growth. However, during the Middle Ages, the phrase “rolling stone” was used to describe someone who was constantly moving from place to place, never staying in one spot long enough to settle or achieve stability. This usage was often associated with vagrants, beggars, or travelers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the phrase “rolling stone” took on a more negative connotation, implying that someone was aimless, irresponsible, or lacking in ambition. For example, a person who was constantly changing jobs or careers might be called a “rolling stone.” Not surprisingly, in the 20th century, the phrase “rolling stone” took on a more positive connotation, particularly in the domain of music and popular culture. The Rolling Stones, a British rock band, adopted the name in 1962, and it has since become synonymous with rock ‘n’ roll and rebellion. Today, the phrase “rolling stone” is often used to describe someone who is free-spirited, adventurous, and always on the move. The philosophical weight of wandering caters to our whims and impulses of unshackling the stagnancy of fixity. As we wander through the desolate landscape, we feel the weight of our vagaries bearing down upon us. The impulse to flee, to escape the confines of civilization, has driven us to this remote outpost, where the brutal yet honest caveman within us can roam free. We are noble savages, untamed and unapologetic, driven by the wanderlust that has defined the colonial mindset for centuries. And yet, as we stand alone beneath the vast expanse of the sky, we feel the pangs of solitude, the ache of exile that has haunted us since we first left behind the comforts of home. It is a feeling that Goethe had once described as the “sweet pain” of separation, the bittersweet longing for a place that could never be recaptured. As we walk, the wind whipping our hair into a frenzy, we feel the wildness of the landscape seep into our very being, filling us with a sense of joie de vivre. We are strangers in a strange land, wanderers without a home, and yet, in this moment, we are free. Free to roam, to explore, to surrender to the whims of the wind and the sun. It is a fleeting moment, one that will soon give way to the harsh realities of survival, but for now, we revel in the beauty of our own exile. For in the end, it is not the destination that matters, but the journey itself, the solitary path that winds its way through the wilderness of the soul. Consequently, anthropologically, we had no choice but to be exclusive and traverse geographies, driven by an innate desire to leave our mark on the landscape, transforming under climatic conditions, and navigating the ecological threats coupled with our destructive atavistic urges. Nietzsche believed in the surpassing of earthly landmarks and chose eternal wandering, removing obstacles of earthly existence, and illuminating the idea of eternal recurrence. Hence, wandering has to be infinite, yet free of personal prejudices. Perhaps following Nietzsche’s flight of supra-transcendence, and adding his mystic dimension, Iqbal envisioned wandering as a way of exploring the cosmic creation, the ever-mind-boggling idea of time, as we are wanderers in both time-bound and timeless realms. The Eastern and Western notions of wandering find a wedge separating the Romantic from the Rationalist, and yet they intertwine. Those who choose to leave home, cities, towns, relationships, and social conventions, are the most romantic wanderers, and yet they hold a foot in rationalization of wandering, given to revision and reflection. As Wordsworth so eloquently put it:

“The world is too much with us; late and soon,

Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers; Little we see in nature that is ours,

We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon.

In this sense, wandering becomes a means of reclaiming our connection with nature and rediscovering our place within the world. By embracing the unknown, and surrendering to the beauty of the landscape, we may find a deeper sense of meaning and purpose. As we wander, we are reminded that the world is full of wonder and that our place within it is one of awe and reverence. It will not be wrong to say that wandering personifies a homocentric odyssey for self-discovery, as we investigate the inner landscapes of our minds and hearts. At the same time, it is an anthropocentric endeavor, as we seek to leave our mark on the world and assert our presence within the larger human experience. Through wandering, we find ourselves at the intersection of these two realms, where the personal and the universal converge. In this sense, wandering becomes a holistic activity that integrates our identities with our shared human existence.

Solved Comprehension

1-How does wandering reconcile the tension between rootedness and restlessness?

Wandering enables individuals to embrace the comfort of home and the thrill of exploration, elegantly bridging the tension between rootedness and restlessness. Although humanity’s instinct has always been to seek shelter and stability, the profound urge to wander persists, which is driven by a desire to escape stagnation. Notably, scriptures celebrate migration as a soulful quest, highlighting the essential role of wandering in revitalizing one’s existence. Ultimately, in the modern world – where geographical distances have shrunk – wandering serves as both a physical journey and a psychological exploration, thus harmonizing the need for belonging with the impulse to discover.

2-Is the romanticization of wandering a form of escapism or self-discovery?

Wandering is a dual pathway for individuals: it provides them with an escape from societal constraints while, simultaneously, facilitating profound self-discovery. Even though many escape from the cliché of everyday life in pursuit of solace within nature, others – akin to Goethe’s notion of “sweet pain” – explore exotic experiences to unravel deeper existential insights. Furthermore, philosophers, such as Nietzsche and Iqbal, elevate this journey beyond mere physical movement; they champion it as an intellectual and spiritual quest that challenges worldly limitations. Thus, whether prompted by a desire to evade responsibility or to rediscover one’s essence, wandering greatly shapes personal identity and purpose.

3-Can wandering be a means of decolonizing the self?

Wandering can liberate individuals from inherited control systems and foster their autonomous identity. Indeed, rejecting colonial domination can allow one to travel to spaces free from the weight of imposed narratives while simultaneously challenging entrenched ideologies and promoting intellectual decolonization. Consequently, this transformative act can empower wanderers to surpass earthly constraints, reclaim their narratives, and overpower physical and psychological limitations, as Nietzsche’s philosophy suggests. Ultimately, through this journey, one can achieve an extreme freedom that reshapes personal experiences and worldviews.

4-Does the notion of eternal recurrence legitimize or undermine the concept of wandering?

Eternal recurrence emphasizes the importance of wandering as a transformative journey rather than a temporary escape. According to Nietzsche, life endlessly repeats itself, making each choice and action eternally significant. And this legitimizes wandering as a continuous pursuit of growth and self-overcoming, which frees individuals from stagnation. However, if eternal recurrence implies an endless loop without progress, it can also undermine wandering by suggesting that no journey leads to a final resolution. Despite this paradox, wandering remains meaningful as it allows individuals to explore, adapt, and redefine their existence within the cyclical nature of life.

5-What dual realms does wandering operate at the intersection of?

Wandering sits at the crossroads of personal discovery and the broader human narrative, allowing individuals to explore their inner selves while, at the same time, making their mark on the world. Indeed, this act is both a romantic urge to escape social norms and a Rationalist quest for self-reflection, signifying a fascinating tension. For instance, Wordsworth’s insights reveal that wandering is not merely a journey through nature but a quest to understand one’s role in the grand scheme of life. So, this interplay between personal exploration and societal impact highlights the profound nature of wandering. Ultimately, it surpasses mere movement, a vital process that melds individual identity with our shared human legacy.

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How Can You Score High in CSS Precis and Composition Paper?

Achieving a high score in the CSS English Precis & Composition Paper is a goal that requires a well-organized and targeted approach. Success in this challenging examination hinges not only on strong grammar skills and a comprehensive vocabulary but also on a thorough understanding of precis writing techniques. Unfortunately, many aspirants find this paper difficult, not due to a lack of English proficiency but because they do not grasp the best methods to tackle each section effectively. Nevertheless, to excel, candidates must develop a structured strategy that outlines their approach to every part of the paper. This structure always guides them through the exam, ensuring they stay on track and cover all necessary points.

Moreover, strong grammar skills (not basic ones) play a crucial role in articulating ideas clearly and correctly; hence, aspirants should focus on refining their advanced grammar skills to avoid common pitfalls that can undermine their written communication. Furthermore, a rich vocabulary is essential for expressing nuanced thoughts and ideas; expanding one’s lexicon can greatly enhance the quality of written responses.

Indeed, the skill of precis writing is critical, as it demands the ability to distil lengthy texts into concise summaries without losing the core message. Many candidates overlook the intricacies of this vital skill, which can lead to incomplete or ineffective answers. By sharpening these techniques, aspirants can improve their performance and ultimately achieve the scores they aspire to. In summary, while proficiency in English is important, understanding how to approach the CSS English Precis and Composition Paper is equally critical to success. With the right tools and strategies, any dedicated candidate can conquer this paper and succeed in their examination journey.

Key Strategies to Score 70+ Marks in CSS Precis Paper

• Master Precis Writing: Develop summarization, coherence, and conciseness skills.
• Enhance Vocabulary & Grammar: Build a strong word bank and understand grammar rules.
• Improve Comprehension Skills: Learn to extract key ideas and answer accurately.
• Perfect Your Urdu-to-English Translation: Translate meaningfully, not word-for-word.
• Practice Past Papers: Solve previous years’ questions and get expert feedback.

Aspirants who follow these strategies and practice consistently can secure 70+ marks, significantly improving their overall CSS written exam score.

Best Tips for Precis Writing in CSS 2025

The process of writing a precis is arguably one of the most vital components of the CSS English examination, as it can significantly influence a candidate’s overall success or failure. A good precis should be:

• Concise (at least 1/3 of the original passage)
• Logically structured
• Written in simple, formal English
• Free from redundancy and repetition

How to Write a Perfect Precis?

A significant number of CSS aspirants find writing effective precis difficult. This challenge originates mainly from the fact that they have come to rely on artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT and DeepSeek, which they often mistake for being capable of producing a precis. However, it’s important to understand that these tools are primarily designed to generate summaries, which differ fundamentally from a precis. To help you master this vital skill, I have outlined step-by-step instructions on writing the perfect precis.

• Step 1: Read the Passage Carefully and try to identify the main idea and supporting details.
• Step 2: Highlight Key Points, try to extract important information, and eliminate unnecessary details.
• Step 3: Write in Your Own Words: Never try to copy sentences from the passage.
• Step 4: Maintain Coherence: Always try to ensure a smooth flow of ideas.
• Step 5: Choose an Appropriate Title: Always choose a title that reflects the core idea of the passage in a few words, usually in phrases.
• Step 6: Review & Edit: When done, always check for grammar, punctuation, and clarity.

Example: If the passage is about “The Role of Technology in Education,” the precis should summarize the impact, benefits, and challenges concisely while maintaining clarity and logical flow.

Effective Strategies for English Grammar & Vocabulary

Having a solid understanding of grammar and a rich vocabulary is crucial for achieving top marks in the CSS Precis & Composition Paper. Many candidates frequently make grammatical errors, which can significantly detract from their overall scores. These mistakes not only undermine the clarity of their arguments but also reflect poorly on their language proficiency, making it imperative for students to refine their skills in these areas to enhance their performance.

How to Improve English Grammar for CSS?

Many CSS aspirants believe that studying local English grammar books or resources like Wren and Martin will give them a solid understanding of English grammar. However, it’s crucial to realize that basic English grammar skills do not directly correlate with success in the CSS examination. This exam prioritizes your command of the English language, your ability to convey your thoughts clearly, and your communication effectiveness. Take a moment to examine your grammar books and note how few sentence corrections, prepositions, pairs of words, and punctuation corrections actually come from them: you’ll likely be surprised. English grammar for CSS is about honing advanced writing and communication skills, specifically targeting the common pitfalls that non-native speakers encounter. To truly enhance your English grammar for CSS, seek guidance from a reputable and experienced professor rather than opting for a social media instructor.

Before diving into advanced English skills or enrolling with a teacher, it’s crucial to assess your foundational grammar level. If you’re unsure, I’ve developed a tailored test specifically for CSS and PMS aspirants. This assessment will help you gain a clear understanding of your current English and grammar proficiency. Once you’ve successfully completed the test, it’s time to take the next steps to enhance your English writing and grammar skills for CSS.

• Master the following: tenses, subject-verb agreement, articles, conjunctions, adjectives, adverbs, interrupters, clauses, phrases, and prepositions. My students must revise their first two months of lectures, where we learn each thing from basics to advanced level before learning essay writing.
• Learn and practice sentence structure by understanding complex, compound, and simple sentences. My students must revise their first two months of lectures, where we learn each thing from basics to advanced level before learning essay writing.
• Work on punctuation because incorrect punctuation can change the meaning of a sentence. My students must revise their first two months of lectures, where we learn each thing from basics to advanced level before learning essay writing.
• Practice Sentence Correction; for this, try to solve past paper error-detection questions. My students must revise their first two months of lectures, where we learn each thing from basics to advanced level before learning essay writing.
• Improve Active & Passive Voice and learn conversion techniques.

How to Improve Vocabulary for CSS?

• Read Daily: Newspapers, articles and essays, available on the Cssprepforum website, to improve your knowledge of the word.
• Learn 10 New Words Daily: Use a CSS vocabulary list and revise regularly. My students follow the vocabulary pattern and words that I have provided.
• Use Words in Sentences: Remember, memorizing vocabulary is useless without application, so always use the memorized words in your daily sentences.
• Study Common Idioms & Phrases: A comprehensive list is available on the Cssprepforum website. They are enough to help you build your expressions if you prepare them.  
• Practice One-Word Substitutions (OWS) & Pair of Words: A comprehensive list is available on the Cssprepforum website. They are enough to help you build your expressions if you prepare them.
• Study Common English Expressions: A comprehensive list is available on the Cssprepforum website. They are enough to help you build your expressions if you prepare them.  

How to Attempt Urdu-to-English Translation?

The Urdu-to-English translation challenge evaluates an aspirants’ proficiency in converting ideas from one language to another with precision and fluidity. It not only assesses their vocabulary and understanding of both languages but also measures their ability to uphold correct grammatical rules and coherent sentence structure throughout the translation process. This question requires not just linguistic skills but also a deep appreciation for cultural nuances embedded in the original text.

Steps to Translate Urdu to English Effectively

• Do not rush into translating immediately.
• Read the passage twice or thrice to understand the main idea, tone, and key details. Revise my lectures where I taught you how to drag the passage’s main ideas.
• Identify any complex words or idioms and think about their English equivalents. Some Urdu words don’t have direct translations, so use meaning-based translation. Prepare or revise the vocabulary my admins sent you, including vocabulary words, idioms, POW, OWS, common English expressions, and fixed English expressions.
• Focus on the tense and subject of the passage (past, present, or future). Revise the tenses lecture, sequence of tenses lecture, subjects’ detail lecture, and ideas sequencing lecture.
• Use proper sentence structure and avoid word-for-word translation; instead, focus on meaning.
• Maintain flow and coherence to ensure smooth transitions between sentences.
• Avoid literal translations: for example, instead of “بادل گرج رہے تھے” (The clouds were roaring), write “Thunder rumbled in the sky.”

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Translation

• Literal translation always makes the sentence unnatural.
• Ignoring tenses always leads to incorrect translations.
• Misinterpreting vocabulary always leads to incorrect translations.