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Outline
1-Introduction
Although idealists believe peace is best achieved through diplomacy, dialogue, and moral restraint, in reality, history suggests that peace is more effectively ensured through strength and military preparedness because it deters aggression, discourages hostile intentions, and compels adversaries to seek negotiation rather than conflict.
2-Understanding peace and security: Idealist versus realist approaches
3-The concept of deterrence and its role in maintaining peace
4-Historical linkage between military preparedness and deterrence
5-Balance of power as a stabilizing mechanism in international relations
6-Why does military preparedness deter conflict and help sustain peace?
- ✓Military preparedness deters aggression.
- Evidence: Strong defense capabilities discourage adversaries from initiating conflict.
- ✓Military preparedness maintains the balance of power.
- Evidence: Stable power balances prevent dominance by any single aggressive actor.
- ✓Peace treaties require enforcement capability.
- Evidence: Agreements succeed when backed by credible defensive strength.
- ✓Weakness invites external intervention.
- Evidence: States perceived as militarily weak are more likely to face coercion.
- ✓Military preparedness strengthens diplomatic bargaining power.
- Evidence: Nations negotiate from positions of strength, not vulnerability.
- ✓Military readiness reduces miscalculation by adversaries.
- Evidence: Clear defense capabilities prevent misjudgment of resolve.
- ✓Military preparedness ensures a rapid response to threats.
- Evidence: Delayed response often escalates crises into full-scale wars.
7-Case studies illustrating the role of military preparedness in deterring conflict
- ✓The Cold War Era: Nuclear deterrence prevented direct conflict between superpowers.
- ✓Pakistan-India Relationship: Strategic deterrence has prevented full-scale war despite tensions.
8-Why do idealists contend that peace is best achieved through diplomacy, dialogue, and moral restraint rather than through military preparedness?
- ✓Counterargument: Diplomacy and international law are sufficient to maintain peace.
- Refutation: Diplomacy succeeds when backed by credible force; without preparedness, agreements lack enforcement.
- ✓Counterargument: Military buildup provokes arms races and increases the chances of war.
- Refutation: Responsible military preparedness deters aggression. And wars often occur when weakness invites opportunism.
- ✓Counterargument: Economic interdependence makes war irrational.
- Refutation: History shows that economically interdependent states still engage in conflict when power imbalances exist.
9-How to maintain peace alongside military readiness
- ✓To maintain credible defense capabilities while avoiding reckless militarization
- ✓To invest in intelligence, cyber defense, and strategic deterrence
- ✓To promote regional confidence-building measures alongside military readiness
10-Conclusion
Peace has long been regarded as the highest aspiration of international relations, often associated with diplomacy, dialogue, and moral restraint. Idealists contend that mutual understanding and international law are sufficient to prevent conflict and sustain harmony among states. However, historical experience paints a more realistic portrayal of global politics, where goodwill alone has rarely guaranteed security. In reality, peace has most often endured where nations possessed the strength to defend themselves and the preparedness to confront potential aggression. Against this backdrop, military readiness is not an instrument of war but a powerful deterrent that discourages hostile intentions, prevents miscalculations, and reinforces the balance of power in an anarchic international system. As a result, states that are visibly prepared to meet an enemy compel rivals to reconsider the costs of confrontation and, instead, seek resolution through negotiation. Thus, far from provoking conflict, military preparedness has repeatedly functioned as the most reliable safeguard of peace, proving that strength, when exercised responsibly, remains a prerequisite for stability in world affairs.
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