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Outline
1-Introduction
While some believe that ideological alliances and enduring friendships govern international relations, in reality, international relations are driven by enduring national interests because states continually recalibrate alliances and rivalries to maximize security, power, and economic advantage.
2-The realist school of thought and the concept of national interest
3-Historical evolution of alliances and rivalries in international politics
4-Role of strategic, economic, and security interests in shaping foreign policy
5-Why do national interests ultimately override friendships and hostilities among states?
- ✓National security is the primary driver of foreign policy.
- Evidence: States adjust alliances to counter emerging threats regardless of past relations.
- ✓Economic interests reshape diplomatic relationships.
- Evidence: Trade partnerships evolve even between former adversaries.
- ✓Geopolitical realities compel strategic realignments.
- Evidence: Changing power balances force states to reconsider old alliances.
- ✓Leadership changes redefine national priorities.
- Evidence: New governments often recalibrate foreign policy directions.
- ✓History demonstrates the fluidity of alliances.
- Evidence: Wartime alliances dissolve once strategic objectives are achieved.
- ✓Survival of the state overrides ideological consistency.
- Evidence: States cooperate with rivals when existential threats arise.
- ✓Globalization intensifies competition for resources and influence.
- Evidence: Access to energy, markets, and technology dictates alliances.
6-On what grounds do opponents argue that ideology, shared values, and historical ties matter more than national interest in international relations?
- ✓Counterargument: Some states pursue ideological or value‑based friendships.
- Refutation: Even when rhetoric emphasizes permanent friendship, actions, such as shifts in economic and strategic cooperation, show that national interest often shapes policy first.
- ✓Counterargument: Long‑standing alliances suggest stability beyond interests.
- Refutation: Even close alliances have been tested by trade disputes and strategic divergence, showing that interests can prompt re‑evaluation of ties.
7-Conclusion
In international politics, emotions, morality, and personal loyalties rarely endure beyond convenience. Instead, states operate in an anarchic global system where survival, security, and advantage remain paramount. Although some observers argue that ideology, shared values, or historical friendships determine foreign relations, history repeatedly indicates that such ties persist only as long as they serve national interests. Consequently, alliances are formed, revised, or abandoned not out of sentiment but out of necessity. Moreover, strategic threats, economic imperatives, leadership transitions, and shifting power balances compel states to recalibrate their external relations. As a result, former adversaries often become partners while long-standing allies drift apart when interests diverge. Thus, from wartime coalitions that dissolve after victory to peacetime partnerships strained by trade and security disputes, the fluidity of global alignments emphasizes a central realist truth: nations have no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests.
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