CSS 2014 Solved Islamiyat Past Papers | Islamic Concept of Peace in the Light of Quran and Sunnah
The following question of CSS Islamiat 2014 is solved by Miss Ayesha Irfan, the highest scorer in CSS Islamiat. Moreover, the question is attempted using the same pattern taught by Sir Syed Kazim Ali to his students, who have scored the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question Breakdown:
The examiner asked to explain the Islamic concept of Peace in the light of the Quran and Sunnah. First, we should explain the importance of Peace, followed by the Islamic concept of Peace in the light of the Quran and Sunnah.
Outline
1-Introduction
2-Importance of Peace in Islam
3-Islamic concept of Peace in the light of the Quran
- ✓By establishing Islamic concepts
- ✓By safeguarding Human rights
- ✓By establishing equality
- ✓By fortifying social justice
- ✓By declaring Jihad against the perpetrator of violence
4-Islamic concept of Peace in the light of Sunnah.
- ✓Establishing Hilf al-Fudul to establish Peace
- ✓Solving Harb-ul-Fijar through peaceful negotiation
- ✓Signing treaty of al-Hudaybiya to prevent war between evergreen enemies
- ✓Principals of war (Peace establishing routes)
- ✓Conquest of Makkah (Prophet’s (PBUH) legacy of Peace)
5-Critical Analysis
6-Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
Islam is a faith that promotes tolerance, mercy, and Peace. It challenges all forms of brutality, violence, and savagery in order to promote and protect justice and Peace. The aim of the Islamic ethical system is to uphold the general state of Peace, safety, and happiness in society. This code prohibits any conduct that encourages violence and strongly emphasizes unity and all moral behaviour that advances Peace. Nonetheless, the main tenets of Islam are brotherhood and Peace. It teaches that as all of creation is a part of Allah’s family, the best member of this family is the one who has the most affection for other living things. The two main tenets of Islam are: first, submitting to the will of Allah, which entails acting in accordance with Allah’s commands with the utmost sincerity and respect; second, demonstrating the utmost love, Compassion, and affection for Allah’s creation. Since God is both our Creator and the Creator of the creation, these two qualities can be combined into Compassion.
Importance of Peace in Islam
The four Qur’ānic concepts of amn, silm, salām, and sulh represent what Peace means in Islam. Although the idea of Peace is the same for the first three meanings, the fourth term refers to the methods by which Peace can be attained. Unquestionably, one of the most important human needs is Peace, and an essential component of Islam is Peace. In fact, the word Islam means Peace and submission. As Allah says, “Do good to others as God has done good to you, and do not seek corruption, and mischief in the land, for God does not love those who cause corruption and make mischief.” (Quran, Surah Al-Qasas, 28:77). Moreover, “Peace is better” (Quran, 4:128) Consequently, Islam offers Peace, security, and reconciliation. In accordance with this literal interpretation, the Prophet’s hadith states: “The best Muslim is the one from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.”
Islamic concept of Peace in the light of the Quran
- By establishing Islamic concepts
Islam encourages Peace through its fundamental ideas, which lead people to live morally upright and peaceful lives, including self-accountability, the Hereafter, and Tawheed (the unity of God). This oneness is demonstrated, for instance, by the yearly Hajj trip, in which millions of Muslims from all walks of life gather in worship while wearing identical, basic clothing. “Whoever pardons and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God”. (Holy Quran 42:40). This is best illustrated by the teaching of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), which states that “Until a person loves for his brother what he loves for himself, no one truly believes” (Sahih Bukhari). By encouraging introspection and inspiring people to make amends and make constructive contributions to society, self-accountability fosters Peace and harmony on both a personal and a collective level.
- By safeguarding Human rights
Moreover, Islam promotes Peace by emphasizing human rights, as outlined in the Quran, which safeguards dignity, justice, and equality for all individuals. The Quran declares the inherent value of human life, stating, “Whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity” (Quran 5:32). This verse promotes deeds that safeguard and empower others while highlighting the dignity of life. The rights of the weak, such as the impoverished, orphans, and persecuted, are likewise promoted by Islam, which exhorts Muslims to assist and protect them. “O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives” (Quran 4:135) is one example of how the Quran demands justice and fairness. Islam promotes a society where human rights are protected by adhering to these values, which lessens conflict and encourages harmony and Peace among people and communities.
- By establishing equality
Furthermore, by creating the equality principle, which guarantees that everyone is treated fairly and with respect regardless of race, ethnicity, or social standing, Islam fosters Peace. “O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another,” the Quran says, emphasizing this global equality. The most virtuous among you are, in fact, the most honourable in Allah’s eyes (Quran 49:13). Thus, the Quran establish equality and uplifts Peace in society.
- By fortifying social justice
Besides these, the Quran fosters Peace by strengthening social justice, which guarantees equity, justice, and the defence of rights in society. The equitable distribution of income, opportunities, and privileges is a fundamental component of Islamic beliefs on social justice. The Quran says, “Indeed, Allah commands you to render trust to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice. Excellent is that which Allah instructs you. Indeed, Allah is ever Hearing and Seeing” (Quran 4:58). Thus, by addressing issues such as poverty, oppression, and inequality, the Quran creates a framework for a just society, lowering tensions and promoting Peace and solidarity among people.
- By declaring Jihad against the perpetrator of violence
While peaceful approaches fail to thrive, the Quran allows the declaration of Jihad, which means striving or struggling, as a way to fight oppression and protect Peace and justice. Jihad is not an endorsement of violence but rather a controlled effort against tyranny, making sure that it is carried out within ethical bounds. The Quran states in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:190): “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.” This verse emphasizes the idea that any self-defence or anti-aggression action must be fair and proportionate, preventing harm to innocent people and needless devastation. Surah Al-Anfal (8:61) emphasizes that the ultimate purpose of Jihad is to bring about Peace and guarantee the welfare of society: “And if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah.” It is true that He is the Knowing and the Hearing. Although the Quran permits resistance to aggression, these teachings show that its main objective is the advancement of justice and Peace.
Islamic concept of Peace in the light of Sunnah
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was the world’s greatest peacemaker. In fact, his military and diplomatic tactics encompass the promotion of Peace and the protection of humanity. His strategies are a shining example of how to solve the world’s present problems.
- Establishing Hilf al-Fudul to Establish Peace
The Holy Prophet PBUH employed nonviolent methods to address any dispute, and his acts reflect this. For example, he resolves the trading dispute between al-As ibn Wail al-Sahmi and Yemeni merchant Zubaid. The former had acquired some things from Zubaid and paid a small sum of money, regardless of the agreed-upon amount, although knowing that the trader had no support in Makkah. However, the merchant made many appeals to the Quraysh for justice, but his petitions were unsuccessful due to al-As ibn Wa’il’s position within the Quraysh. Nonetheless, Hazrat Abu-Talib paid out his debt and then told the Holy Prophet of his actions. To put an end to similar instances, he founded Hilf al-Fudul, a confederacy or alliance dedicated to securing justice for all by peaceful means. Despite the savagery, he employed a gentle approach to tackle the matter, particularly for those without clan protection. Thus, it conveys the Holy Prophet PBUH’s earnestness in providing justice to all through peaceful means.
- Solving Harb-ul-Fijar through peaceful negotiation
Furthermore, the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) technique for resolving tribal conflicts was excellent. As evidenced in the example of Harb-ul-Fijar, the Sacrilegious Wars between the Quraysh and the Hawazin, both tribes fought eight wars against each other in four years due to various issues. However, Holy Prophet PBUH 15v1 has stepped up to address the problems between the disputants. The PBUH had collected all of the arrows from their combat and placed them in front of both tribes. Later, The PBUH requested that they cease their conflicts, or all arrows would be struck into their chests. As a result, both sides have resolved their disputes. As revealed in the Quran, the Holy Prophet PBUH was brought to you as a messenger and a threat, and both characteristics aided Him in resolving tribal conflicts. As a result, rather than resorting to violence, he utilized nonviolent means to end a long-running dispute between two tribes.
- Signing treaty of al-Hudaybiya
Because the people of Makkah were essentially disbelievers and Muslims had migrated due to their bad behaviour, the two states were adversaries. Muhammad had approached Mecca with roughly 1,400 people to conduct the pilgrimage, but Meccans misinterpreted it as an attack on Makkah. A Meccan delegation met the Muslims at their stopping location, Al-Ḥudaybiyah, located around 9 kilometres away. There were chances of war during the period, but the Holy Prophet PBUH prevented it with a peaceful act, the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya. The truce reduced tensions between the two cities and allowed Muhammad’s followers to return the next year on a nonviolent pilgrimage, which became known as the First Pilgrimage. It also confirmed the state of Peace for a decade. The treaty that stopped hostilities between Medina and Makkah is seen as the impetus for the spread of Islam in Makkah and across the Arabian Peninsula in Islamic history.
- Principals of war (Peace establishing routes)
Except for these, The Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) Sunnah prioritizes justice, kindness, and reconciliation to foster Peace through clear war principles. The Prophet set guidelines to reduce harm and protect noncombatants, as evidenced by his instructions: “Do not kill women, children, the elderly, or monks.” “Don’t destroy trees or harm crops.” These principles maintained that battle was not an act of revenge but rather a last resort for restoring justice and preventing oppressive behaviour. Furthermore, the Prophet emphasized the need to offer Peace before engaging in combat, as evidenced by the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, in which he agreed to terms that first appeared unfavourable to Muslims in order to prevent bloodshed and secure long-term Peace. These actions show that the Sunnah seeks to limit the impact of war, protect innocent lives, and pave the way for long-term Peace, demonstrating that even in times of conflict, harmony and justice are the primary goals.
- Conquest of Makkah (Prophet’s (PBUH) legacy of Peace)
The Conquest of Makkah is a great example of the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) peace legacy, demonstrating his unrivalled ability to emphasize reconciliation, forgiveness, and harmony. Instead of seeking retribution, he offered a general amnesty, famously proclaiming. This gesture of forgiveness ended decades of hostility, transforming former adversaries into comrades. He(PBUH) recites the verse of the Quran then, “No blame will there be upon you today. May Allah forgive you; and He is the most merciful of the merciful” Surah Yusuf (12:92).
The Prophet’s instructions throughout the conquest emphasized his devotion to Peace: no harm was to be done to noncombatants, private property was to be protected, and bloodshed was to be avoided. By sparing the lives of even his harshest opponents, such as Abu Sufyan, and restoring the Kaaba’s sanctity as a place of worship for one God, the Prophet laid the groundwork for Peace and justice. The Conquest of Makkah demonstrates how kindness and Compassion can be strong weapons for establishing lasting Peace and reconciliation in society.
Critical analysis
The Islamic concept of Peace is ageless and provides practical solutions to many of today’s concerns. Islamic teachings, which are based on justice, equality, and mutual respect, advocate for not just the absence of conflict but also the active construction of community harmony. Surah Al-Baqarah (2:256), which states, “There is no compulsion in religion,” emphasizes individual freedom and plurality, both of which are important ideals in today’s multicultural and globalised communities. The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exemplifies peacebuilding via acts such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which emphasizes patience, diplomacy, and long-term reconciliation over immediate benefits. However, the principles of nonviolence, debate, and forgiveness are particularly relevant in today’s world when dealing with challenges such as religious tensions, political disputes, and social injustices. However, a critical study identifies such problems as misinterpretation of Islamic teachings and their exploitation for political or extremist purposes, which distort the religion’s peace-centric message. To have an actual impact on modern society, the Islamic concept of Peace must be conveyed authentically, emphasizing that justice and mercy are intrinsic to its character. By incorporating these values into modern frameworks, Islam’s message can make a substantial contribution to global harmony and coexistence.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, the Islamic notion of Peace, as drawn from the Quran and Sunnah, is founded on justice, Compassion, and the overall well-being of individuals and societies. Peace in Islam is more than just the absence of strife; it is a condition of harmony reached by adhering to divine principles. The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exemplifies encouraging Peace through forgiveness, mercy, and nonviolence, including the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the Conquest of Makkah. However, a critical examination finds that, while Islam enables defensive actions to safeguard justice and fight oppression, they are strictly restricted to avoid excesses and promote the preservation of Peace. The difficulty is that these ideas can be misinterpreted or misused, undermining their intended objective of promoting harmony. Thus, when understood and executed correctly, the Islamic notion of Peace provides a balanced framework for achieving justice, cohabitation, and mutual respect in varied cultures.
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