CSS 2010 Solved Islamiat Past Papers | Today’s International Political System vs. Islam
The following question of CSS Islamiat 2010 is solved by Miss Ayesha Irfan, the highest scorer in CSS Islamiat. Moreover, the question is attempted using the same pattern taught by Sir Syed Kazim Ali to his students, who have scored the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question Breakdown
This question requires discussing both traditional and rational (‘Aqli) arguments for the belief in Resurrection, using Qur’anic verses, Hadith, and logical reasoning like divine justice and nature. It also asks how this belief helps build an organised society by promoting morality, justice, responsibility, and social harmony. A balanced answer should connect faith in the Hereafter with its practical impact on ethical and collective life.
Outline
1-Introduction
2-Understanding Shariah: Meaning and Objectives
3-Overview of Today’s International Political System
4-Scope and Possibilities of Adjusting Shariah in Today’s System
- Ijtihad (independent reasoning) as a tool for contextual application
- Maqasid al-Shariah focusing on justice, welfare, and human dignity
- Constitutional models of democracy with Shariah (e.g., Shura, rule of law, accountabilit
- Role of education, media, and ulema in reshaping narratives
5-Compatibility Between Shariah and Core Global Values
- Shariah promotes human dignity, social justice, and public welfare, shared by many international norms
- Ethical governance, anti-corruption principles, and the rule of law are embedded in both systems
- Shariah’s emphasis on consultation (Shura) and justice aligns with democratic ideals when properly understood
6-Recommendations for Adjusting Shariah in Islamic Societies
7-Critical Evaluation
8-Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
In today’s interconnected world, the question of whether Shariah can be adjusted within modern Islamic societies amidst the dominant international political system has gained considerable attention. Shariah, often misunderstood as rigid or outdated, is in fact a dynamic and comprehensive code of life that addresses personal, legal, economic, and political matters. As Islamic nations navigate globalisation, secular governance models, and international law, the ability to harmonise Shariah with the prevailing political frameworks becomes both a challenge and a necessity. The Holy Qur’an states, “We sent down the Book to you explaining everything, a guide, a mercy and glad tidings for those who submit to Allah.” (Surah An-Nahl, 16:89), affirming the timeless relevance of Islamic law across ages. Therefore, the debate is not whether Shariah can be implemented, but how it can be contextually adapted to serve Muslim societies under modern conditions.
Understanding Shariah: Meaning and Objectives
Shariah, derived from the Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma (consensus), and Qiyas (analogy), is not merely a legal code but a comprehensive ethical and moral system aimed at establishing justice, human dignity, and social welfare. Its objectives, known as Maqasid al-Shariah, include the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Shariah seeks to create a balanced society where both individual rights and collective responsibilities are protected. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, “Indeed, the most beloved of people to Allah on the Day of Judgment and the closest to Him will be the just leader” (Tirmidhi), highlighting that justice is central to Islamic governance. Hence, understanding Shariah through its objectives helps in applying it constructively in today’s context.
Overview of Today’s International Political System
The current global political system is predominantly characterised by liberal democracy, secular governance, globalisation, and international human rights regimes. Institutions like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Criminal Court influence the domestic policies of nations, including Muslim-majority countries. These frameworks often emphasise secularism, individual freedoms, and political pluralism, sometimes clashing with traditional interpretations of Shariah. However, many Islamic societies are striving to find a balance. For example, countries like Tunisia and Indonesia have adopted democratic systems while incorporating Islamic principles into their laws. This shows that, despite pressures from global ideologies, Islamic societies have room to retain their religious identity while participating in the global order.
Scope and Possibilities of Adjusting Shariah in Today’s System
Ijtihad (Independent Reasoning) as a Tool for Contextual Application
One of the most effective tools for adapting Shariah in the modern world is Ijtihad—independent reasoning by qualified scholars to derive rulings in light of new circumstances. Ijtihad has historically been used to respond to evolving contexts, as seen during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), who suspended the punishment for theft during a famine, taking the context into account. This act was based on public welfare, a core principle in Shariah, and illustrates how Islamic law accommodates change through informed scholarship.
Maqasid al-Shariah Focusing on Justice, Welfare, and Human Dignity
The objectives of Shariah (Maqasid) ensure its adaptability in protecting human dignity and promoting public welfare. In Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:32), Allah says, “Whoever saves one life, it is as if he had saved all of mankind.” This verse underscores the sanctity of life and justifies reforms in areas such as healthcare, social justice, and criminal justice that align with global humanitarian standards. The spirit of Shariah is not limited to fixed rulings but is deeply concerned with outcomes that benefit humanity.
Constitutional Models of Democracy with Shariah (e.g., Shura, Rule of Law, Accountability)
Several Islamic countries have successfully incorporated democratic structures within a framework that is Shariah-compliant. The concept of Shura (consultation) is emphasised in the Qur’an (42:38), “…and consult with them in affairs.” It serves as the Islamic equivalent of participatory governance. The example of Malaysia illustrates how democracy, the rule of law, and Islamic values can coexist, where Islamic courts function alongside civil ones, and governance is subjected to both constitutional and religious checks.
Role of Education, Media, and Ulema in Reshaping Narratives
Education, media, and religious scholars play a vital role in contextualising Shariah in a positive light and addressing misconceptions. The Prophet (PBUH) emphasised the pursuit of knowledge by saying, “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.” (Ibn Majah). Countries like Turkey and Qatar have invested in modern Islamic education and media to educate their citizens about the ethical and social dimensions of Shariah, enabling a more informed society that understands and supports its application in harmony with modern values.
Compatibility Between Shariah and Core Global Values
Shariah Promotes Human Dignity, Social Justice, and Public Welfare
Shariah and modern international norms converge on core values like dignity, justice, and welfare. The Qur’an emphasises human honour in Surah Al-Isra (17:70): “We have certainly honoured the children of Adam…” This verse is proof that Islam upholds human dignity as a foundational value, compatible with international human rights charters.
Ethical Governance, Anti-Corruption Principles, and Rule of Law Embedded in Both Systems
Both Islamic and Western systems stress transparency and justice. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, “Each of you is a shepherd, and each of you is responsible for his flock” (Bukhari and Muslim), signifying accountability in leadership. Anti-corruption laws and transparency initiatives in countries like Saudi Arabia, where reforms have targeted financial misconduct, show alignment with both Shariah and global standards of good governance.
Shariah’s Emphasis on Consultation (Shura) and Justice Aligns with Democratic Ideals
Democracy emphasises inclusivity and justice, principles that resonate with Shariah. The Qur’an (4:58) commands, “Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice.” This reflects the Islamic endorsement of ethical governance. The democratic processes in Pakistan’s Council of Islamic Ideology and similar bodies in other Muslim countries provide mechanisms for embedding Islamic values in policymaking.
Recommendations for Adjusting Shariah in Islamic Societies
To ensure the smooth integration of Shariah in modern political systems, Muslim societies must encourage scholarly Ijtihad, institutional reform, and civic education. Qualified scholars should interpret Islamic principles in light of contemporary issues. Governments should establish legal frameworks that align with constitutional law and Shariah objectives. Moreover, public awareness campaigns should clarify that Shariah aims at justice and mercy. The Prophet (PBUH) said, “Make things easy and do not make them difficult, give glad tidings and do not repel.” (Bukhari), guiding leaders and scholars to promote Islam through wisdom and balance.
Critical Evaluation
Shariah is not incompatible with modern political systems; rather, its misuse or rigid interpretation often creates conflict. The problem lies in political manipulation and lack of scholarly engagement, not in the law itself. The Prophet (PBUH) adapted strategies based on time and circumstance, such as during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, where diplomacy and pragmatism were prioritised. Similarly, Muslim leaders today must adopt flexible, contextual approaches without compromising core values.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Shariah—when understood through its objectives and applied with wisdom—can be harmonised with today’s international political system. The challenge is not Shariah’s incompatibility but the lack of dynamic interpretation and responsible implementation. Through Ijtihad, institutional reform, and educational efforts, Islamic societies can adjust Shariah in a way that honours divine guidance while responding to contemporary realities. As the Qur’an assures in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:185), “Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship,” a reminder that Shariah is a path of mercy and adaptability for all times.
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