PMS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs Past Papers | The Role and Efforts of Muslim Religious Leaders
The following question of PMS Pakistan Affairs 2020 is solved by Miss Iqra Ali, the best Pakistan Affairs Coach, on the guided pattern of Sir Syed Kazim Ali, which he taught to his students, scoring the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, how to write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question Breakdown
To tackle the question, we can simply divide it into two main parts: the Role and Efforts of Muslims Religious Leaders and the Fruitful Results of their efforts. Therefore, after providing contextual understanding about the theme of question, for example, writing about the then-situation of societies in Indian-Sub continent and the need for the establishment of Muslim Society for Muslims, we write 4-6 paragraphs on each main argument: the Role and the Efforts of Muslim Religious leaders and their fruitful results. Always remember, when a question demands a positive argument on something we always describe the positive-impacts or fruitful results along with it, whereas, if a question refers to something negative, we are ought to provide possible suggestions or mention the measures which had been provided in the history along with some example. Finally, we end the question with critical analysis (optional) and a concluding paragraph.
Outline
1-Introduction
2-The then situation of societies in the Subcontinent
3- Importance of the establishment of Muslim Society for Muslims
4-Role and Efforts of Muslim Religious Leaders for the establishment of Muslim Society in the Sub-Continent
- ✓Role of Muhammad Bin Qasim
- ✓Role Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
- ✓Role of Sufi Saints: Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
- ✓Role of Shah Wali Ullah Dehlawi
- ✓Role of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
- ✓Role of Allama Iqal
- ✓Role of Ulemas
5-The Fruitful Results of the roles and efforts of the Muslim Religious Leaders
- ✓Cultural Integration
- ✓Social Reforms
- ✓Unity among Muslims
- ✓Muslim Empowerment
6-Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
Undoubtedly, the Muslim leaders of the Sub-Continent burnt the candles at both ends to bring back the lost glory of Muslims in the region. Indeed, it was their prominent efforts and roles that saved the Muslims from the slavery and slumber after the decline of the Mughal Empire. To elaborate, after the arrival of colonial rule in the Subcontinent, Muslims were deprived of their social, political, and economic rights and were suppressed by the Britishers and the Marathas. Observing this, the gallant Muslim leaders, including Sufi Saints, Ulemas, and politicians, such as Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan and Allama Iqbal realized the need of the hour for the establishment of a strong and resistant Muslim society. To achieve this goal, the leaders promoted Islamic teachings, provided modern education, facilitated cultural integrity, advocated socio-economic and political rights of Muslims and empowered them. The establishment of Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College (MAO College) and Aligarh University are among significant achievements that later led to the freedom movements and political empowerment of Muslims. In Summary, the article sheds light upon the efforts and roles of Muslim leaders in not only advocating Muslims’ social and political rights but also in liberalizing them from colonial rules.
The then situation of societies in the Subcontinent
In fact, the situation of societies in the Sub-Continent was totally un-Islamic and based on the biased class system, lacking social management and equality. In pre-Islamic era, the societies in the region had been divided in four classes, including Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudras. Brahmans were perceived to be the religious class, Kshatriyas used to hold the highest rank since they were warriors, kings, and generals, Vaishyas were artisans, traders, and artists, however, the Shudras were among the lowest class held no respect, rights, and were considered to be the weakest. Although Islam had countered the class system and brought peace, justice, and equality in the Subcontinent – particularly in the lives of Shudras- after the decline of the Mughal Empire, Muslims themselves faced oppressions, injustice, and inequality by the arrival of the new colonial authority, the British. Here the Hindus, Marathas, gained position and status while Muslims were deprived of any socio-economic and political right, leading to poverty, educational disparities, and disenfranchisement. To conclude, during the pre-Islamic era and after the decline of Mughal Authority, the societies in the sub-continent were the hub for oppressions, injustice, and various socio-economic and political disparities, particularly for Muslims.
Importance of the establishment of Muslim Society in the Sub-Continent
- Role of Muhammad Bin Qasim
To begin, Muhammad Bin Qasim, the conqueror of Sindh, laid the ground for Islamic society through the establishment of Islamic governance and particularly through the conquest of Sindh in 8th century. In this manner, after being appointed as the governor of Sindh, he implemented Islamic administrative reforms, promoted Islam by the establishment of Mosques and Islamic law, facilitated tax collection and governance, and provided new Islamic framework, allowing tolerance and integration between Muslims and non-Muslims. He was the initial leader who gave the broad sight of Islam, eased the challenges caused due to inequality, and protected the rights of non-Muslims. Therefore, Muhammad Bin Qasim was the prior leader who did not establish Muslim society successfully but supported Sufis and paved the way for Islamic framework.
- Role Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
Next, the role and efforts of Qutub-ud-Din Aibak, the first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, can never be undermined as he initially had laid the ground for subsequent Muslim rule and cultural integration in the region. To elaborate, the Mamluk dynasty, also called the Slave Dynasty, is one of his significant efforts that led slaves and lower classes to rise to the power of social positions under the framework of Islamic governance. After consolidating control over regions between Gangas and Yamuna, Aibak facilitated the establishment of Muslim society in northern India. To conclude, the efforts and role of Aibak not only attracted different religions towards Islam but also set precedent for future rulers.
- Role of Sufi Saints: Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
Moreover, through his teachings, preaching, and spiritual practices, Khwaja Moinuddin had fostered his influence beyond the boundaries. He promoted his work through the establishment of the Chishti Order – one of the significant Sufi orders- that emphasized mysticism, love, devotion, and personal experience of God. His spiritual nature and conduct had attracted diverse cultures, including Hindus and Muslims and established Islamic society that promoted unity, harmony and equality. Hence, the Sufi Saints, Khwaja Moinuddin, served as a powerful tool for the transformation of Muslim society in the Sub-Continent.
- Role of Shah Wali Ullah Dehlawi
However, after the decline of the Mughal emperor, the societies witnessed upheaval and unrest. Shah Wali Ullah Dehlawi had realized the need for fostering Islamic teachings to address the challenges faced by the Muslims in that era. In this regard, he emphasized the importance of returning to the Quran and Sunnah, promoted Sufism, advocated authentic practices of faith, above all, he established educational institutions concentrated on Islamic sciences, jurisprudence, Hadith, and theology. As a result, his role and efforts had revived Islam and reformed Islamic societies, counteracting the decay observed in Muslims and facilitating a broader acceptance of Islam among various communities.
- Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
Most importantly, the arrival of Sir Sayed Khan was an end to the overall societal norms and challenges that prevailed in the lives of Muslims. Sir Sayed awakened Muslims from their slumbers, empowered them in socio-economic and political spheres, and gave fresh breath to the oppressed Muslims. Initially, he observed the need for the infusion of Islamic education, Islamic thought, and Islamic practices in Muslims pave the way for reforms and re-establishment of Muslim society. In this regard, he established Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College (MAO College) which later became Aligarh University. Through MAO promoted education, including modern sciences, literary work, and English Language, along with Islamic teachings that helped Muslims gain positions in government and status in society. In short, it was the efforts and roles of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan in the form of Aligarh University that awaken Muslims, gave birth to more Muslim leaders, and led to the Aligarh movement and reformation of modern and fresh Muslim society decades later.
- Role of Allama Iqal
Followed by that, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, politician, and poet, had not contributed less efforts, paving the way for not only the establishment of Muslim society but also for the Muslim sovereignty and authority. His efforts including, laying a groundwork for a separate identity and political autonomy, promoting modern education in form of Aligarh University, engaging Muslims in politics, and most importantly, introducing and advocating the Two Nation Theory, have given opportunity to Muslims to fight and strive for their rights and achieve a separate nation, Pakistan. Therefore, the efforts of Allama Iqbal, along with other Muslim leaders, have resulted in an endless Muslim society.
- Role of Ulemas
Last but not least, Ulemas, the Islamic scholars, had served as the guardians of Islamic Knowledge in the Sub-Continent. As social reformers, Ulemas not only promoted religious education but also promoted modern education in the fields of Sciences and Humanities, contributing to the intellectual growth of Muslim Society. Apart from that, the Islamic Scholars served as Qazis, judges, promoting Islamic Law, issued Fatwas on contemporary issues, interpreted the Quran and Hadith, and provided moral and ethical guidance to Muslim Communities. In a nutshell, Ulema’s role in building Islamic characteristics in Muslim communities had been significant in preserving Islamic values and changing socio-economic and political landscape through history.
Fruitful Result of the roles and efforts of the Muslim Religious Leaders
The efforts and roles of Muslim leaders have resulted in long-lasting fruitful results that led to cultural integration, social reforms, unity among Muslims, and empowerment through education.
- Cultural Integration
Initially, the efforts of Muslim leaders have successfully laid the ground for cultural integration. By promoting various activities, such as interfaith dialogues, cultural exchanges, shared literary heritage, and representation in socio-economic affairs, Muslim leaders facilitated cultural integration for Muslims. Therefore, the cultural integration had been one of the significant efforts of Muslim leaders that eased the social norms Muslims faced in the Subcontinent.
- Social Reforms
Moreover, Muslim leaders had made tireless efforts in reforming Muslim societies where Muslims were facing socio-economic crisis and educational deprivation. In this regard, by advocating social justice, promoting socio-economic rights, and providing education, the Muslim leaders and Ulemas played a significant role in encouraging Muslims for collective action for societal development. Such conduct and efforts of Ulemas created a sense of responsibility in Muslims and led to the collective efforts, resulting in social reforms. Therefore, the Role of Ulemas in awakening and reforming Muslim societies can never be undermined.
- Unity among Muslims
Also, Muslim leaders emphasized Muslim Unity as an important element for addressing the challenges posed by colonial rule and communal tensions. Their efforts, including Islamic teachings, organization of cultural festivals and events, advocacy for socio-economic and political rights, had fostered unity among Muslims under a common Islamic framework. Therefore, the role and efforts of Muslim leaders had been instrumental in the development of unity among Muslims, paving the way for united actions and practices under one umbrella.
- Muslim Empowerment through Education
Finally, establishment of Madrassas and educational institutions in the Sub-Continent by Muslim leaders had proved to be vital in empowering Muslims. To elaborate, educating Muslims had made them realize their socio-economic and political rights in the region, allowing collective efforts in achieving social and political power. Within the span of some years, Muslims made their say in governance. Therefore, empowerment of Muslims in the sub-continent through education had been one of the most significant blessings given to Muslims by the Muslim leaders.
Conclusion
To conclude, the Muslim leaders served as the cornerstone for the empowerment of Muslims and bringing back their glory in the Sub-Continent. To elaborate, after the decline of Mughal authority in the region, Muslims faced intense social, political, and economic crisis led by the colonial rule and Marathas. Observing the sorry situation of Muslims, the Muslim leaders realized the need for the establishment of Muslim society that would not only advocate the social and economic rights but also free Muslims from the colonial suppression. In this regard, Ulemas, Sufi Saints, and political leaders, such Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan and Allama Iqbal laid ground for the establishment of Muslim society by developing cultural integration, establishing educational institutions, bringing sense of responsibility and encouragement in Muslims. To illustrate, the Aligarh University and Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College (MAO College) are primary examples of the efforts of the leaders that led to the freedom Muslims and end to British Rule. Therefore, the Muslim leaders lightened the lives of millions of Muslims and freed them from suppression.
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