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The CSS English Precis and Composition paper is a decisive component of the Central Superior Services (CSS) Examination, designed to evaluate a candidate’s comprehension, linguistic precision, and summarization skills. Among its various sections, precis writing holds significant weight, as it demands a high level of analytical ability, clarity of expression, and mastery of the English language.
In fact, a well-written precis is not merely a shortened version of a passage; it is a concise, structured, and coherent summary that captures the core ideas without distorting the meaning. Candidates who excel in this section demonstrate critical thinking, logical structuring, and the ability to convey complex ideas in a simple yet effective manner: all of which are crucial skills for a future bureaucrat.
CSS 2025 Solved Precis
Original Passage
Homi K. Bhabha, a prominent postcolonial scholar, advances a profoundly philosophical yet grounded concept of nationalism, positing that “Nations, like narratives, lose their origins in the myths of time and only fully encounter their horizons in the mind’s eye,” thereby highlighting the complex interplay between the imagined, the mythical, and the material in the construction of national identity. Nations, like narratives, are constructed through historical contingency, shaped by ethnic obsessions and regional affiliations that often obscure their origins. As a result, national identities can become rigid and exclusionary, antagonizing the notion of humanism envisioned by ancient philosophers like Socrates and Plato. This idea has implications for our understanding of humanism, a cornerstone of intellectual traditions from Goethe and Rousseau’s emphasis on the universal human experience to Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd’s advocacy for reason and compassion as bridges between cultures. Al-Ghazali’s “The Alchemy of Happiness” strikes a balance between promoting local identity and warning against provincial, insular nationalism, making him a votary of cultural exchange and understanding. He advocates for an evenhanded approach, balancing love for one’s land with justice for all citizens. In “The Revival of Religious Sciences,” Al-Ghazali emphasizes balancing universalism and particularism, recognizing that national identity must be tempered by justice and equality. By promoting inclusive citizenship, Al-Ghazali offers an antidote to exclusivist nationalist ideologies. By exploring the intersections between nationalism and humanism, Bhabha’s work also encourages us to think critically about how national identities are constructed and imagine new forms of global citizenship prioritizing shared humanity over narrow national interests. However, the rise of nationalism has often led to a narrowing of perspectives, prioritizing regional affiliations over universal values, resulting in a stringent and macho form of patriotism that stifles dissent and creativity. Like a chameleon, nationalism can adapt and change, often blurring the lines between patriotism and xenophobia. Altogether, nationalism is not a bane, its mixed benefits over the last century have been a double-edged sword, yielding a staggering array of positive and negative consequences. On one hand, nations have become increasingly aware of the need to align themselves with pluralism and egalitarian schemes. However, the desire to dominate, as exemplified by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel’s idea of organic borders, continues to have a silent appeal, often manifesting in bizarre and violent forms, such as the recent bloodshed in Palestine and the earlier Bosnian massacre. This scary trail is long and hard to absorb, especially when democracy itself has been exposed as a mere façade, leaving many to blurt out frustrations and disillusionments. As the philosopher Allama Iqbal aptly put it in his famous poem, “The Devil’s Parliament,” democracy is merely the outer crust, while the essence is imperialist. Iqbal’s words ring true, warning us against the uncritical subservience and adoration of nationalism, which can lead to historical myopia, strengthening dictatorial hegemony and incarcerating the human spirit within the narrow confines of love for the land. Perhaps democracy is the safest carrier of the seed of nationalism, transporting it under the guise of economic equality. Still, weaker nations face the political bravado of the powerful leaving the meager nations to be content with mere paeans of love for border and territorial integrity. Imperialism planted the embryo of nationalism, abandoning the wretched children of the earth to fend for themselves, left to navigate the treacherous waters of self-determination. The power of nationalism is a potent form of Volksgeist – a term coined by Johann Gottfried Herder to describe a nation’s unique spirit or character – that can be both unifying and divisive, depending on how it is wielded. In this context, a more frugal and nuanced approach to nationalism is needed, one that balances national pride with a commitment to universal values and human rights.
Below is the list of difficult words from the passage along with their meanings
| Postcolonial | Relating to the period after colonial rule, often analyzing the effects of colonization. |
| Contingency | A possible event or condition that depends on other factors. |
| Obscure | To make unclear or difficult to understand. |
| Antagonizing | Causing someone to become hostile or opposed. |
| Humanism | A philosophy that emphasizes human values, reason, and dignity. |
| Universalism | The idea that certain principles or values apply to all people. |
| Provincial | Narrow-minded, concerned only with local matters. |
| Insular | Isolated or detached, lacking exposure to broader perspectives. |
| Exclusivist | Favoring the exclusion of certain groups or ideas. |
| Patriotism | Love and devotion to one’s country. |
| Xenophobia | Fear or hatred of foreigners or people from different cultures. |
| Egalitarian | Believing in equality for all people. |
| Hegemony | Dominance or leadership by one group over others. |
| Imperialism | A policy of extending a country’s power through colonization or military force. |
| Subservience | Willingness to obey others unquestioningly. |
| Historical myopia | A short-sighted or narrow view of history. |
| Bravado | A show of boldness or confidence, often to impress or intimidate. |
| Treacherous | Dangerous or deceitful. |
| Volksgeist | A German term meaning “national spirit” or cultural identity. |
| Frugal | Careful or moderate in use, especially regarding resources. |
CSS 2025 Solved Precis
CSS 2025 Solved Precis 1
Homi K. Bhabha conceptualizes nationalism as a historical and ideological construct shaped by myths and social conditions. He argues that nationalism, while fostering unity, often results in exclusion and contradicts humanistic ideals. Thinkers like Al-Ghazali emphasize the importance of balancing patriotism with justice to prevent extreme nationalism. Nationalist movements throughout history have led to both unity and division, as evidenced by conflicts in Bosnia and Palestine. Imperialism plays a significant role in shaping nationalism, leaving weaker nations struggling with self-rule. Besides, democracy, rather than always being a force for good, sometimes masks imperialist ambitions, as Iqbal critically points out. In fact, nationalism proves to be a double-edged sword, offering a sense of identity while enabling authoritarianism and suppressing dissent. Indeed, hyper-nationalism prioritizes territorial expansion over ethical governance, often restricting intellectual freedom. Herder’s concept of Volksgeist recognizes nationalism’s potential for unity, yet history warns of its dangers when taken to extremes. A refined approach is necessary: one that embraces national identity without compromising justice and human rights, ensuring that patriotism contributes to global solidarity rather than fostering division and oppression.
- Total Words in the Passage: 619
- Total Words in Precis: 179
- Title: Nationalism: A Construct of Power and Identity
CSS 2025 Solved Precis 2
Bhabha asserts that nationalism is not an inherent truth but a social construct influenced by historical events and cultural narratives. He observes that nationalism, while fostering unity, often conflicts with humanistic values, leading to exclusionary attitudes. Philosophers such as Al-Ghazali champion a balanced form of patriotism that emphasizes justice and coexistence rather than blind allegiance. Throughout history, nationalism has taken on different forms, sometimes promoting cohesion and other times fueling division, as seen in Bosnia and Palestine. Imperial powers help shape nationalist ideologies, leaving weaker nations vulnerable to political instability. Democracy, which is supposed to counter oppression, often serves as a disguise for imperialist motives, a critique famously made by Iqbal. Nationalism is both a unifying and oppressive force, limiting intellectual freedom and prioritizing territorial ambitions over ethical concerns. Herder’s Volksgeist highlights the unifying potential of nationalism, yet history reveals its dangers when taken to extremes. A measured approach is required to nurture cultural identity while ensuring justice and human rights. Nations must integrate patriotism with a broader moral vision, ensuring that loyalty to one’s land does not override universal ethical responsibilities.
- Total Words in the Passage: 619
- Total Words in Precis: 182
- Title: The Dual Nature of Nationalism
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