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What are the Similarities and Differences Between Nagorno-Karabakh and Kashmir Conflicts?

CSS 2021 Current Affairs Past Papers, "Comparison b/w Nagorno-Karabakh and Kashmir" is solved by Sir Ammar Hashmi...

CSS 2021 Solved Current Affairs Past Papers | Comparison b/w Nagorno-Karabakh and Kashmir

The following question of CSS Current Affairs 2021 is solved by Sir Ammar Hashmi, the best Current Affairs Coach, on the guided pattern of Sir Syed Kazim Ali, which he taught to his students, scoring the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, how to write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.

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Question breakdown:

This question sheds light on similarities and differences between Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues.

Outline

1-Introduction

2- Understanding the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh disputes

3-Differences between the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues

  • History of the conflict
  • Demographic differences  
  • Status in the United Nations
  • Different standings in international law

4-Similarities between the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues

  • Violation of international order
  • Strategic importance
  • History of violence
  • Ethnic and religious divisions

5-Ways forward

6- Conclusion

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 Introduction

The Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh disputes that originated in the Twentieth century due to geopolitical issues pose a question mark on the functionality of the United Nations (UN). Both issues are of global significance and have been the cause of contentious relations between adjoined countries: Pakistan-India and Armenia-Azerbaijan. Similarly, both territorial issues have a shared history of violence, ethno-religious tensions, and violation of International Law. However, as per the resolutions of the UN, Kashmir is a regional territorial dispute unlike Nagorno-Karabakh, which is a bilateral issue of Armenia and Azerbaijan.  In addition, India has no legal right to exercise territorial jurisdiction under international law like Azerbaijan. Therefore, global powers specifically the UN and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) should maneuver their influence over both regions to alleviate human suffering and restore the right to life, property, and liberty.     

Understanding the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh disputes

The territorial disputes of Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh came into being with the dissolution of respective British rule in the Subcontinent and the fall of the Soviet Union.  In 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir signed an accession with India against the will of the Muslim majority population of the region. Since then, India has been coercively administering against the popular will of Kashmiris, resulting in tensions with Pakistan. On the other hand, the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh originated after the fall of the Soviet regime when the local Armenians revolted against Azerbaijan to seek association with Armenia. The problem has been a bone of contention between both countries trying to exert their influence in the region.

Differences between the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues

  • History of the conflicts

The foremost difference between both issues is the history of the conflicts. The Kashmir issue emerged at the end of British colonial rule on the subcontinent. Prior to that, Kashmir was an independent princely state. However, the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute arose with the end of the communist regime. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, Nagorno-Karabakh was an independent region of Azerbaijan.

  • Demographic differences 

Demographically, Kashmir is predominantly a Muslim-majority region. However, Nagorno-Karabakh has a Christian-majority population. Kashmir is very populated as compared to the latter. In addition, Kashmir is famous for its breathtaking valleys and snowcapped Himalayas.  On the contrary, the Nagorno-Karabakh region has a rough landscape, which attracts adventure seekers.

  • Status in the United Nations (UN)

Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues have distinct statuses in the United Nations (UN). According to the UN, Kashmir is a disputed region between India and Pakistan. However, Nagorno-Karabakh is considered a part of Azerbaijan according to resolutions of the UN. Similarly, the fate of Kashmir relies on the plebiscite of Kashmiris as per the decision of the global organization. On the other hand, Azerbaijan has the right to govern the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. 

  • Different standings in International law

According to International law, Azerbaijan has the right to exercise its territorial jurisdiction in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. On the contrary, India has no legal right to administer Kashmir. Similarly, Azerbaijan can take the issue to the International Court of Justice. However, India has no such rights while changing the constitutional nature of Kashmir.

Similarities between the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh issues

  • Violation of the International order

  Both the Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh conflicts manifest violation of the International order. Like, Armenia recognizes Nagorno-Karabakh as an Azerbaijan territory, however, it has not exercised the International rulings yet. Similarly, despite the 47th Resolution of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to conduct a free and fair plebiscite in Kashmir, India has been carrying demographic and constitutional changes by suppressing innocent Kashmiris. 

  • Strategic importance

Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh have strategic importance for their respective neighboring countries. For instance, Kashmir borders three nuclear nations and provides a trade route to Central Asia. Besides the strategic importance of the region’s mountain ranges, Kashmir is home to rivers like Jhelum and Chenab, which irrigate a large part of India and Pakistan. Similarly, Nagorno-Karabakh has rich deposits of Gold and Copper. The natural mountain terrains of the region render a natural defense against any threat.

  • History of violence

Unfortunately, Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh have a shared history of violence and human suffering. Since 1947, India has been forcefully ruling the region against the will of the local population. The region has been enduring extrajudicial killing, forced abduction, and other human rights abuses. In 2019, the Amnesty International issued a warning of an imminent “Human genocide” in the Indian Occupied Kashmir. Similarly, Nagorno-Karabakh has witnessed violence and brutality like Khojaly Massacre in addition to forced displacement and ethnic cleansing.

  • Ethnic and religious divisions

Both Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh have been experiencing deep-rooted ethnic and religious divisions. Like, Kashmir is a predominantly Muslim-majority region ruled by India. The pro-Hindu policies adopted by India by settling the Indian population in Kashmir have significantly aggravated the religious divisions in the region. Similarly, Nagorno-Karabakh is a Christian-majority region under the rule of Azerbaijan. The region has only 5% Muslim population. 

Ways forward

In the century of human security, global institutions like the United Nations (UN) and the International Court of Justice should enforce their rulings through global and regional powers to end human suffering in both regions. Armenia should be influenced to implement the international ruling on Nagorno-Karabakh by withdrawing its forces. Similarly, a plebiscite should be conducted in light of the UN resolutions by letting the local public decide its fate. Besides, India should be held responsible for rehabilitating the regions as a result of its historical brutalities.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, Kashmir and Nagorno-Karabakh disputes have many similarities and differences. Both issues have a distinct history behind their origination, demography, and standings in International Law. However, both have endured violence, suffering, and forced displacement. Thus, it is pertinent for the global community to address the grievances of the humans suffering in both regions through International law. 

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