CSS 2026 Solved Islamiat Paper | Rational Arguments for the Existence of Allah
The following question of CSS Islamiat 2026 is solved by Miss Ayesha Irfan, the highest scorer in CSS Islamiat. Moreover, the question is attempted using the same pattern taught by Sir Syed Kazim Ali to his students, who have scored the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question breakdown
The question demands a rational and philosophical discussion on the existence of Allah, supported by logical arguments. It further requires explaining the effects of belief in monotheism on individual conduct, social order, moral responsibility, and overall human life.
Outline
1- Introduction
2- Rational Arguments for the Existence of Allah
- Cosmological Argument: The Universe Demands a Creator and Points to Supreme Design
- Teleological Argument: Nature’s Marvels as Irrefutable Evidence of an Intelligent Architect
- Philosophical Argument: The Logic of Infinity Revealing God’s Necessary Existence
- Biological Argument: Life’s Astonishing Complexity as Proof of Divine Mastery
- Moral Argument: Conscience as Witness Pointing Beyond the Material
3- Impacts of Belief in Monotheism on Human Life
A- Individual Impacts
- Igniting Divine Love and Awareness
- Fostering Personal Accountability
- Nurturing Spiritual and Moral Excellence
B- Social Impacts
- Building Strong Social Bonds and Community Spirit
- Promoting Ethical Leadership and Upholding Human Dignity
- Fostering Peaceful and Harmonious Societies
4- Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
The quest to understand existence and the origin of life has been central to human thought across time. In this pursuit, Islam provides a rational and coherent framework, centered on monotheism, which explains not only the origin of the universe but also the moral and spiritual purpose of human life. Importantly, belief in one God, or Tauheed, is not merely theological; it serves as a lens through which individuals interpret reality, regulate their behavior, and organize societies. Thus, reason and revelation function together in Islam, with the Qur’an repeatedly inviting reflection on creation, human intellect, and moral accountability. In this context, examining both the rational proofs for Allah’s existence and the impacts of monotheism on human life illuminates its transformative role at both individual and societal levels.
Rational Arguments for the Existence of Allah
Several rational arguments underscore the necessity of Allah’s existence, each engaging human intellect and observation.
- Cosmological Argument: The Universe Demands a Creator and Points to Supreme Design
To begin with, the universe is contingent; every entity within it depends on something else for its existence. Nothing contingent can exist independently, and therefore, a necessary, uncaused being must exist. The Qur’an explicitly affirms this principle: “The Originator of the heavens and the earth… when He wills a thing to be, He but says to it, ‘Be,’ and it is” (Qur’an 2:117). Classical philosophers, including Al-Ghazali, emphasized that the universe’s existence requires a necessary cause. Modern scientific understanding further reinforces this claim. The Big Bang theory, which describes the universe as having a definitive beginning in time, aligns with the notion that the cosmos is not eternal and requires an originating cause. Likewise, the finely tuned physical constants of the universe, gravity, electromagnetic forces, and nuclear interactions, suggest that the universe’s existence is contingent upon precise conditions, pointing toward deliberate origination. Hence, the cosmological argument, supported by contemporary science, provides the first rational pathway to recognize Allah as the ultimate source of all that exists.
- Teleological Arguments: Nature’s Marvels as Irrefutable Evidence of an Intelligent Architect
Moreover, the observable precision, order, and harmony in nature point to deliberate design. From the rotation of celestial bodies to the complexity of biological systems, the universe exhibits balance, functionality, and purpose. The Qur’an says, “He who created seven heavens in layers. You do not see any fault in the creation of the Most Merciful” (Qur’an 67:3). Scientific discoveries underscore this point. The intricate structure of DNA, the complex interdependence of ecological systems, and the precise conditions for life on Earth demonstrate an underlying order that cannot be attributed to chance alone. Historically, Abbasid scholars, while assimilating knowledge from Greek, Persian, and Indian sources, marveled at natural laws, interpreting them as evidence of divine wisdom. This argument thus bridges observation, empirical evidence, and rational inference, reinforcing the certainty of a Creator.
- Philosophical Argument: The Logic of Infinity Revealing God’s Necessary Existence
In addition, human reason alone can apprehend the necessity of a perfect being. The very concept of Allah as self-sufficient, necessary, and perfect implies that non-existence is impossible. Thinkers like Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali argued that rational reflection can lead to acknowledgment of God, even before revelation clarifies His attributes. Consequently, the ontological argument complements empirical observation by demonstrating that intellect itself points toward a necessary Creator, confirming that belief in Allah is both rational and innate to the human mind.
- Biological Argument: Life’s Astonishing Complexity as Proof of Divine Mastery
Another compelling rational proof for Allah’s existence emerges from biology and the intricate design of living organisms. The complexity of life, from the precise structure of DNA to the interdependence of organs and ecosystems, points to deliberate orchestration rather than random occurrence. Every cell functions as a miniature system, with countless processes operating in perfect coordination to sustain life. The Qur’an draws attention to this extraordinary design by saying, “And in your creation and all the creatures He disperses are signs for people of certain knowledge” (Qur’an 45:3). Modern biology confirms that even the simplest life forms rely on highly ordered molecular mechanisms, which cannot be adequately explained by chance alone. This observation underscores the teleological principle at a microscopic level, such as the existence of life itself, which is evidence of a deliberate Creator, reinforcing both rational and spiritual acknowledgment of Allah.
- Moral Argument: The Voice of Conscience Testifying to the Supreme Creator
Finally, the existence of universal moral values and human conscience provides further evidence. Humans possess an innate sense of right and wrong that cannot be explained by materialistic or social constructs alone. The Qur’an highlights this moral faculty, “By the soul and He who proportioned it, and inspired it with discernment of its wickedness and its righteousness” (Qur’an 91:7–10). The fact that humans universally recognize justice, honesty, and compassion indicates an ethical framework established by Allah. Thus, the moral argument demonstrates that awareness of right and wrong inherently points to a divine lawgiver, completing the rational case for Allah’s existence.
Impacts of Belief in Monotheism on Human Life
Having established rational grounds for belief, it is essential to examine its transformative impact on human life. These effects can be observed both individually and socially, illustrating how monotheism shapes character and society.
A. Individual Impacts
- Igniting Divine Love and Awareness
Foremost among individual impacts is the cultivation of God-consciousness. Belief in Allah instills a profound love and awareness of the Creator, which in turn governs intention and action. The Qur’an reassures believers, “Indeed, Allah is with those who fear Him and those who are doers of good” (Qur’an 16:128). Historically, scholars like Imam Ghazali emphasized that love and awareness of God form the foundation of true knowledge, demonstrating that spiritual orientation directs ethical behavior.
- Fostering Personal Accountability
Closely linked to this is the development of personal accountability. Monotheism creates a consciousness that every action carries consequences before Allah. The Prophet (PBUH) declared: “Each of you is a shepherd, and each of you will be asked about your flock” (Sahih al-Bukhari). In practice, this transforms ordinary life into a framework of moral responsibility, curbing self-interest and fostering ethical consistency in all domains of life.
- Nurturing Spiritual and Moral Excellence
Moreover, belief in Allah nurtures virtues such as honesty, patience, humility, and empathy. The Qur’an instructs, “Indeed, Allah orders justice and good conduct…” (Qur’an 16:90). By internalizing these principles, individuals achieve a synthesis of moral and spiritual excellence, ensuring that personal development aligns with ethical imperatives.
B. Social Impacts
- Building Strong Social Bonds and Community Spirit
Beyond the individual, monotheism strengthens social cohesion. Shared faith and ethical values create brotherhood and mutual support that transcends tribal or ethnic affiliations. The Prophet’s (PBUH) establishment of the Ansar-Muhajirun brotherhood in Medina exemplifies this dynamic, demonstrating how belief fosters solidarity and communal resilience.
- Promoting Ethical Leadership and Upholding Human Dignity
Furthermore, monotheism underpins just governance and accountability. As the Qur’an commands, “Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice” (Qur’an 4:58). Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) exemplified this principle through transparent governance, equitable policies, and protection of citizens’ rights. Ethical leadership, rooted in monotheism, ensures that institutions function with integrity, justice, and respect for human dignity.
- Fostering Peaceful and Harmonious Societies
Finally, belief in Allah promotes peace and stability. Monotheism discourages oppression, envy, and moral corruption. As the Qur’an instructs, “Help one another in righteousness and piety, but do not help one another in sin and transgression” (Qur’an 5:2). Thus, societies grounded in faith exhibit resilience, reduce conflict, and cultivate harmony, reflecting the ethical and social wisdom embedded in divine guidance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, rational proofs affirm the necessity of Allah’s existence, demonstrating that reason naturally points toward the Creator. The belief in monotheism, in turn, transforms individual character by igniting divine love, fostering accountability, and nurturing moral and spiritual excellence. Socially, it strengthens communal bonds, promotes ethical governance, and fosters peaceful and harmonious societies. Historical examples, from Abbasid scholars to the governance of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), illustrate that adherence to Tauheed produces civilizations marked by knowledge, justice, and ethical sophistication. In contemporary times, where moral ambiguity and cultural confusion abound, the belief in one God provides clarity, purpose, and a durable framework for both personal and societal well-being, underscoring the enduring relevance of monotheism in human life.
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