PMS 2016 Solved Islamiat Past Papers | Rights of Non-Muslims in the Islamic State
The following question of PMS Islamiat 2016 is solved by Miss Ayesha Irfan, the highest scorer in CSS Islamiat. Moreover, the question is attempted using the same pattern taught by Sir Syed Kazim Ali to his students, who have scored the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. This solved past paper question is uploaded to help aspirants understand how to crack a topic or question, write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.
Question Breakdown
About this specific question, the examiner inquired how the Islamic State protected the rights of non-Muslims and women’s rights in Islam. The question is addressed in two parts. The first is an outline, which is broken down into different parts. Moving further, the introduction is given, followed by the Islamic perspectives of non-Muslim rights, women’s rights in Islam and the conclusion.
Outline
1-Introduction
2- A bird’s view of women’s and non-Muslims’ rights in Islam
3- How does Islam guarantee rights for non-Muslims?
- ✓Right to freedom of religion
- ✓Right to Equality
- ✓Right to life and dignity
- ✓Right to Justice
- ✓Right to Basic Necessities of Life
4- Women’s rights in Islam
- ✓Social rights of women
- ✓Economic rights of women
- ✓Political rights of women
5-Critical Analysis
6-Conclusion
Answer to the Question
Introduction
Islam encourages equality, diversity, and peace. It takes into account the rights of non-Muslims in Islamic states in addition to protecting the rights of Muslims. Nevertheless, Islam gives women and non-Muslims more rights than any other religion; they are not subject to religious pressure to live their lives as they see fit, practice their faith, and handle their personal and family affairs according to their beliefs. This exemplifies the better Islamic values of unity and tolerance while defending their rights. However, Allah (SWT) created men and women equally, without regard for one another, so Islam has guaranteed women’s rights and gender equality in all areas of their lives. Muslim women now have the same rights as men because of this religion. Because they are both given the same reward for good works and the same punishment for bad deeds, men and women in Islam are, therefore, without a doubt, equal in their relationship with Allah (SWT).
Allah says, “And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women,”. (2: 228)
A bird’s-eye-view of women’s and non-Muslims’ rights in Islam
The Hadith and Qur’an both confirm that Islam promotes global peace and prosperity. Its objective is the welfare of all. The goal is to establish social settings that allow individuals to be their most authentic selves. Consequently, there is no discrimination based on gender in the socioeconomic conditions of Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic State. Everyone’s right to life, and honour is granted and upheld by Islam, regardless of colour, gender, or creed. Regarding women, Allah declares, “O mankind, be mindful of your duty to your Lord, who created you from a single soul and it created its mate and from the two created and spread many men and women,” declares Allah (SWT). (42: 2). Allah does not tolerate evil or injustice in His creation. Moreover, non-Muslims and women are privileged in an Islamic state.
3- How does Islam guarantee rights for non-Muslims more than any other religion?
- Right to freedom of religion
Islam has outright and unequivocally prohibited the barbaric act of kidnapping a guy and using force to convert him to Islam. “There is no compulsion in Deen” refers to a well-known verse in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:256). Furthermore, It has been ordained by God in the Holy Quran, “Do not argue with the people of the Book unless it is in the politest manner” (29:46). For instance When an elderly Christian woman refused the caliph Umar’s invitation to convert to Islam, he expressed remorse and said, “I have not intended to compel her, as I know that there must be no compulsion in religion”. People of all religions can freely practice, perform their rites, and worship as they see fit in an Islamic state without fear of discrimination or persecution because there will be no pressure to adhere to Islam, and people will have varied religious beliefs.
Right to Equality
Going down the ladder, each individual, as a human being, has been granted the essential and invaluable right to equality before the law by Islam. The Holy Quran established, “Do not let your hatred of a people incite you to aggression” (5:2). “And do not let ill-will towards any folk incite you so that you swerve from dealing justly. Be just; that is nearest to heedfulness” (5:8). This highlights how Muslims must treat both their enemies and ordinary people with justice. Islamic administration also places a high priority on non-Muslims’ involvement and consultation to guarantee that their issues are taken into account and that their perspectives are heard.
- Right to life and dignity
Moreover, the most fundamental is the right to life and respect for human life. The Holy Quran establishes that whoever kills a human being without (any reason like) manslaughter or corruption on earth, it is as though he had killed all humanity… (5:32). Not only this, the Quran also signifies the dignity of man by giving them the right to life. According to the Prophet, may God bless him, murder is the second-greatest sin after polytheism(Shirk). Further, he said, “The greatest sins are to associate something with God and to kill human beings.” The injunction covers every individual, and taking a human life is forbidden in and of itself. Thus, in an Islamic state, the prohibition of slander, defamation, and other forms of injury safeguards the honour, dignity, and property of non-Muslims.
“And whoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the lives of all mankind” (5:32).
- Right to Justice
Furthermore, Muslims and non-muslims have the legal right to full and absolute equality. Muslims believe that the Holy Quran and the Sunnah make it abundantly evident that all humans have the same rights and responsibilities. “And in their wealth there is acknowledged right for the needy and the destitute” (51:19). The Prophet has clearly instructed in this respect that: “It will be taken from their rich and given to those in the community in need” (al-Bukhari and Muslim). In addition to this, it has also been declared that the Islamic State should support those who have nobody to support them. The Prophet has said: “The Head of State is the guardian of him, who has nobody to support him” (Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhi). Further, “The believers are brothers (to each other)” (49:10). According to hadith, those who accept the Oneness of God, believe in the Prophethood of His Messenger, abandon primitive prejudices, and join the Muslim community and brotherhood have “the same rights and obligations as other Muslims” (al-Bukhari; al-Nisa’i). As a result, new converts to Islam are treated equally with long-time adherents of the faith.
Women’s rights in Islam
Throughout Islamic history, no Muslim has ever questioned a woman’s human dignity, soul, or other higher spiritual qualities. Islam gives women a standing that is both extraordinarily elevated (in comparison to other religions) and realistically appropriate, given their nature. In addition to being unique, it is not similar to any other system.
- Social rights of women
Islam guarantees women’s dignity and respect in all spheres of life, including as wives, mothers, daughters, and sisters. The only religion in history that respects and nurtures women as mothers is Islam. No other system or religion does this. In several chapters, the Qur’an affirms and glorifies mothers. For instance, “We have commanded man to be kind to his parents since they bear him through hardship after hardship, and it takes two years for him to wean him. Give thanks to Me and your parents; everything will come back to Me, we said.” (31:14). Additionally, Islam overly guarantees women’s esteem as daughters. As the Prophet (PBUH) said, “Whoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her.” in this context. And does not give his son preference over her; God will let him go to Paradise. (Ahmed Musnad, 1957). The Holy Qur’an states: “And among His signs is that He created between you affection and kindness, and He created spouses for you from among yourselves so that you might find repose in them. There are clues for those who are reflective in this (Al-Rum 30:21). However, Islam safeguards the rights of women.
- Economic rights of women
Nonetheless, Islam grants women the ability to inherit. A woman who is a wife, mother, sister, or daughter will receive a share of the deceased’s property, depending on the number of heirs and her degree of relationship to the deceased. This is her portion of her inheritance, and no one can take it away from her. According to the Qur’an, “And if a man or woman has a brother or sister but leaves no descendants or ascendants, then for each of them there is a sixth. Furthermore, “If there are more than two, they split a third following any bequests or debts, provided no harm is done. The source of this ordinance is Allah (SWT), Who is both Knowing and Forbearing. (4:12) Moreover, Islam grants women the right to independent ownership since it created the right, which was denied to women both before and after Islam (even until this century). Thus, a woman’s claim to her money, property, and other belongings is completely recognized under Islamic law.
- Political rights of women
Islam ensured women’s and men’s political independence. She is entitled to the freedom of self-defence, the protection of her property, and the ability to defend her nation’s sovereignty by engaging in combat. But to do so, she has to follow Islamic laws. For instance, A woman challenged Omar Ibn al-Khattab during his Caliphate in the mosque, proved her point, and made him say in front of the crowd, “A woman is right, and Omar is wrong.” Moreover, Islam encourages women to pursue knowledge and education. In one instance, Muhammad SAW designated Umme Waraqah as the Imam for his family. Not only this, but Muhammad’s (SAW) final wife, Hazrat Ayesha (ra), is renowned for her expertise in rhetoric, history, and medicine.
Furthermore, Islam encourages women to hold positions of leadership and administration. Khadijah (RA), the wife of the Prophet Muhammad, was a prosperous businesswoman who made a substantial contribution to the upbringing of the early Muslims. The Qur’an states that believers—men and women alike—are each other’s guardians, or “awliya” (9:71). Not only that, but notable scholars like Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam al-Tabari, and Ibn Hazm endorse the idea that women could occupy the highest judicial position because the Qur’an praises the Queen of Sheba for her just rule. Furthermore, according to Ibn Hazm, no theoretical barrier prevents women from fulfilling the prophetic role. Women in Madina were appointed to financial positions during the reign of Caliph Umar.
Critical analysis
When analyzed critically, the Quran offers a crucial foundation for comprehending the rights of non-Muslims and women in Islam. It highlights the Quran’s emphasis on everyone’s equality before God, regardless of gender, colour, or creed, and honours their spiritual, moral, and intellectual capacities. Even while Islam firmly enforces the law of equality for everyone, women and non-Muslims are nevertheless oppressed, helpless, or subservient in their daily lives. Islam holds that both non-Muslims and women have rights and obligations in the area of education. There have occasionally been differing opinions and interpretations from academic and Muslim communities. It highlights the significance of taking into account every argument put forth by the Muslim community. It highlights how crucial it is to incorporate the views of the entire Muslim community and engage in debate to have a clear recognition from a variety of viewpoints about women’s and non-muslims’ rights and social stability to advance equality for all and women’s empowerment within an Islamic framework.
Conclusion
In conclusion, women and non-muslims enjoy a relatively fair status in Islam (compared to other religions), which is genuinely suitable given their nature. Islam is a symbol of human rights. Women’s rights and non-Muslims’ rights obligations are comparable to those of other groups. Islam, however, represents human dignity and respect and guarantees the rights of women and non-Muslims of all races, creeds, and genders.
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